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Contexts of Development

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1 Contexts of Development
Behavioral Science Unit 19 Karl S. Rosengren Department of Psychology Department of Kinesiology

2 Lecture Outline Key Facts about Children in America
Social-Contextual Approach to Development Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model Child Abuse in Context

3 Key Facts About American Children
1 in 2 children: will live in a single-parent family at some point in childhood. never completes a single year of college. 1 in 3 children: is born to unmarried parents. will be poor at some point in childhood. is a year or more behind in school.

4 Key Facts About American Children
1 in 4 children: is born in poverty. is born to a mother who did not graduate from high school. lives with only one parent. 1 in 5 children: lives in a family receiving food stamps. is born to a mother who received no prenatal care in first 3 months of pregnancy. is living in poverty today. Is not fully immunized by age 2.

5 Key Facts About American Children
1 in 7 children: lives in a family with no health insurance. Lives with a working relative but is poor nonetheless. 1 in 8 children: is born to a teenage mother never graduates from high school 1 in 11 children lives at less than half the poverty level

6 Key Facts About American Children
1 in 12 children has a disability. 1 in 13 children is born at low birthweight. 1 in 24 children is born to a mother who received late or no prenatal care. 1 in 25 children lives with neither biological parent. 1 in 132 children dies before age 1. 1 in 680 children is killed by gunfire before the age of 20. Source: The State of America's Children Yearbook 1998

7 Every Day in America 78 babies die 2,162 babies are born into poverty
1,353 babies are born without health insurance 415 babies are born to women who had late or no prenatal care 146 babies are born at very low birthweight (less than 3 lbs., 4 oz.) 787 babies are born at low birthweight (less than 5 lbs., 8 oz.)

8 Every Day in America 2,356 babies are born to mothers who are not high school graduates 3,453 babies are born to unmarried mothers 5,388 children are arrested 237 for violent crimes 420 for drug abuse 2,658 public school children are corporally punished 17,152 public school children are suspended 2,789 high school students drop out of school

9 Every Day in America 2 young persons under 25 die from an infection
36 children and youths under 20 die from accidents 13 children and youths under 20 die from firearms 6 children and youths under 20 commit suicide 11 children and youths under 20 are homicide victims Source: 1999 Children's Defense Fund

10 Contexts of Development
Social Contextual Approach Important to consider any behavior, any developmental phenomenon, in its broader social context. Efforts to understand or treat any problems are more likely to succeed if the social context is taken into account.

11 Bronfenbrenner’s Model of Social-Cultural Development
ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS MODEL Microsystem Mesosystem Exosystem Macrosystem

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13 Contexts of Development
ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS MODEL Microsystem- the immediate environments in which the individual lives Child Parents Mesosystem- relations between microsystems, e.g., between home, and school

14 Contexts of Development
ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS MODEL Exosystem- social settings in which individual does not have active role e.g, parent’s work environment may impact child Macrosystem- The society/culture in which the individual lives

15 Focus on: Child Abuse, Neglect, Maltreatment
Child abuse is: Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation of a child (a person under the age of 18) An act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm. Public Law (1996)

16 Contexts of Development
Role of health care providers in diagnosis of child abuse: All physicians are mandated reporters, if doctors suspect child abuse they are legally bound to report!!!!

17 Who Reports Abuse?

18 Referrals / Investigations
In million referrals for 4.5 million children were made to Child Protection Services 2/3 accepted for investigation ~30% lead to confirmation 59% of victims receive services (in home and foster care) Children who were prior victims 80% more likely to receive services Children with multiple types of maltreatment 80% more likely to receive services About 4% of nonvictims are removed from home Typically short term while investigation goes on

19 Estimated Incidence of Child Abuse and Neglect in U.S
896,000 children victims of child abuse or neglect in 2002 (from Parent or Primary Caregiver) Rate of victimization 12.3 per 1000 Down from 13.4 per 1000 in 1990 60% experienced neglect 20% physically abused 10% sexually abused 7% emotionally maltreated 20% other (based on specific State guidelines) (More than 100% because many victims suffered more than one type of abuse)

20 Fatalities In 2002: 1400 children died from abuse or neglect
75% under the age of 4 Boys 19 per 100 k Girls 12 per 100 k 1/3 of fatalities due to neglect 2/3 of fatalities due to physical or sexual abuse

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23 Rates of Maltreatment types are relatively stable

24 Things to watch for: Injury pattern
Injuries not likely to result from normal play Bruises to lower back or buttocks Belt or buckle marks Specific type or location of burns Cigarette burns Feet or buttocks Specific fracture types Spiral fractures (due to twisting) Fractures at different stages of healing Defensive and evasive parental behavior Poor personal care and hygiene (neglect) Lack of nutrition (neglect)

25 Child abuse and neglect occurs in all social classes,
religions, and races !!!

26 Microsystem: Child Characteristics
Age

27 Microsystem: Child Characteristics
Gender (male>female) Race/Ethnicity White 10.7 per 1000 Native American 21.7 per 1000 African American 20.2 per 1000

28 Microsystem: Child Characteristics
Member of large family Difficult temperament High rates of misbehavior Specific problems: prematurity, illness, retardation

29 Microsystem factors related to child abuse:
Parental characteristics step-parents history of substance abuse personal history of victimization poverty social isolation - one of leading factors!

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33 Microsystem factors related to child abuse:
personal characteristics related to parenting: less positive less interactive with children in general more critical more aggressive specific responses to the child hypersensitive, overreact failure to discriminate positive & negative behaviors

34 Microsystem factors related to child abuse:
Parental beliefs & expectations Belief that they have little control over child unrealistic expectations blame child justify harsh discipline failure to recognize seriousness of own actions Marital Conflict

35 Contexts of Development
Influences within families are bi-directional! Family stress increases as a result of: adding a child Every child causes stress in every family! Birth of a child is associated with decline in marital satisfaction premature or sick child appearance - not the ideal baby parental guilt associated fussiness, irritating cry

36 Contexts of Development
Other contributors to family stress: Expense of caring for a premature or sick infant finances - one of the most frequent sources of marital disagreement Fatigue Preemies take longer to become organized Regular schedule of sleep / eating Disagreements about care Another of most frequent sources of conflict

37 Contexts of Development
Exosystem factors related to child abuse: Work- Unemployment What frequently separates abusers and nonabusers is a job!

38 Contexts of Development
Exosystem factors related to child abuse: SES- Abuse more common in low SES For children living in poverty: maltreatment 20X higher neglect 40 times higher

39 Contexts of Development
Macrosystem Government Policy Legal definition of child abuse has evolved Health care aids in identification of abuse Availability of family assistance programs associated with lower rates of child abuse

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41 Standards vary by State
Exceptions

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43 Rates Vary by State: Likely Linked to Definition

44 Solutions Also Vary State

45 Contexts of Development
Macrosystem Cultural Factors Ideology regarding: Appropriate forms of discipline Appropriate use of violence Privacy rights of families Child-rearing practices are culturally specific for almost any given child-rearing practice, U.S., parents are in minority world-wide

46 Costs of Child Abuse: Effects of child abuse: insecure attachment
low self-esteem aggressive behaviors poor peer relations self-destructive behaviors

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