1. Chapter 8 Global Stratification
Sociology in Our Times: The Essentials, Kendall, 10e

2. Questions for You Does poverty look different around the world?
Have you ever wondered how your life would have been if you were born and lived in a different country?
How is per capita gross national income related to life expectancy?

3. Chapter Outline Wealth and Poverty in Global Perspective
Problems in Studying Global Inequality
Classification of Economies by Income
Measuring Global Wealth and Poverty
Global Poverty and Human Development Issues
Theories of Global Inequality
Global Inequality in the Future

4. Sociology and Everyday Life: Leaving the Snare of Poverty
Poverty has been increasing in the United States but decreasing in other nations because of globalization.

5. Sociology and Everyday Life: Leaving the Snare of Poverty
The assets of the world’s 200 richest people are more than the combined income of over 50 percent of the world’s population.

6. Sociology and Everyday Life: Leaving the Snare of Poverty
More than one billion people worldwide live below the international poverty line, earning less then $1.25 each day.

7. Sociology and Everyday Life: Leaving the Snare of Poverty
Although poverty is a problem in most areas of the world, relatively few people die of causes arising from poverty.

8. Sociology and Everyday Life: Leaving the Snare of Poverty
In low-income countries, the problem of poverty is unequally shared by men and women.

9. Sociology and Everyday Life: Leaving the Snare of Poverty
The majority of people with incomes below the poverty line live in urban areas of the world.

10. Sociology and Everyday Life: Leaving the Snare of Poverty
Two-thirds of adults (15 years and older) worldwide who are not able to read and write are men.

11. Sociology and Everyday Life: Leaving the Snare of Poverty
Poor people in low-income countries meet most of their energy needs by burning wood, dung, and agricultural wastes, which increases health hazards and environmental degradation.

12. Wealth and Poverty in Global Perspective
Global stratification refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a global basis, resulting in people having vastly different lifestyles and life chances both within and among the nations of the world.

13. Figure 8.1 Income Gap Between the World’s Richest and Poorest People
<insert Figure 8.1>

14. Problems in Studying Global Inequality
The “Three Worlds” Approach
First World
Second World
Third World

15. The Levels of Development Approach
Underdevelopment and underdeveloped nations

16. Consider This…
Figure 8.2
Some analysts believe that growing global social and economic inequality is related to high rates of population growth taking place in underdeveloped nations. Why might this be so?

17. Polling Question
Which approach resonates best with you?

18. Classification of Economies by Income
Low-income economies
Lower-middle-income economies
Upper-middle-income economies
High-income economies

19. <insert Figure 8.3>
Figure 8.3 High-, Middle-, and Low-Income Economies in Global Perspective
<insert Figure 8.3>

20. Consider This…
Figure 8.4
Vehicle manufacturing is an example of the global assembly line, where jobs and economic resources move from one nation to another. This form of capital flight has contributed to the economic woes of millions of U.S. workers who have been unable to find similar employment after their jobs disappeared.

21. Concept Quick Review

22. Measuring Global Wealth and Poverty
Absolute poverty
Relative poverty
Subjective poverty

23. Polling Question
What are the pros and cons of each measure of poverty?

24. Figure 8.5 Proportion of World’s Population Living in Poverty
<insert Figure 8.5>

25. The Gini coefficient measures the degree of inequality in the distribution of family income in a country.

26. Global Poverty and Human Development Issues
Human Development index
Life expectancy
Education
Living standards

27. Polling Question
Are there other dimensions that could be useful in measuring human development?

28. Figure 8.6 Indicators of Human Development
<insert Figure 8.6>

29. Consider This…
Figure 8.7
In an effort to reduce poverty, some nations have developed adult literacy programs so that people can gain an education that will help lift them out of poverty. In regions such as Solomuna, Eritrea, women’s literacy is a particularly crucial issue.

30. Theories of Global Inequality
Modernization theory is a perspective that links global inequality to different levels of economic development and suggests that low-income economies can move to middle- and high-income economies by achieving self-sustaining economic growth.

31. Consider This…
Figure 8.8
Poverty and war continue to devastate low-income countries such as Afghanistan. Many low-income countries receive aid from industrialized nations through initiatives such as the World Food Program. Modernization theory links global inequality to levels of economic development, but factors such as war and internal conflict also greatly contribute to patterns of global inequality.

32. Dependency theory states that global poverty can at least partially be attributed to the fact that the low-income countries have been exploited by the high-income countries.

33. World systems theory is a perspective that examines the role of capitalism, and particularly the transnational division of labor, in a truly global system held together by economic ties.

34. Core nations are dominant capitalist centers characterized by high levels of industrialization and urbanization.
Semiperipheral nations are more developed than peripheral nations but less developed than core nations.
Peripheral nations are nations that are dependent on core nations for capital, have little or no industrialization, and have uneven patterns of urbanization.

35. Consider This…
Figure 8.10
A variety of factors – such as foreign investment and the presence of transnational corporations – have contributed to the economic growth of nations such as South Korea.

36. The new international division of labor theory suggests that commodity production is being split into fragments that can be assigned to whichever part of the world can provide the most profitable combination of capital and labor.

37. Figure 8.9 Approaches to Studying Global Inequality

38. Global Inequality in the Future
Inequality gaps
Global corporate domination
Global poverty

39. Quick Quiz
The income gap between the richest and the poorest 20 percent of the world population:
is greater in urban than in rural areas.
has significantly decreased.
is beginning to decline.
continues to widen.

40. Quick Quiz
Answer: D. The income gap between the richest and the poorest 20 percent of the world population continues to widen.

41. Quick Quiz
Some analysts in developed nations have begun to link growing social and economic inequality on a global basis to relatively high rates of _____ taking place in the underdeveloped nations.
divorce
infant mortality
population growth
marriage

42. Quick Quiz
Answer: C. Some analysts in developed nations have begun to link growing social and economic inequality on a global basis to relatively high rates of population growth, taking place in the underdeveloped nations.

43. Quick Quiz
The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a global basis is referred to as:
global shift.
global inequality.
global stratification.
global mobility.

44. Quick Quiz
Answer: C.
The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a global basis is referred to as global stratification.

45. Quick Quiz
Dependency Theory makes a positive contribution to our understanding of global poverty by noting that:
underdevelopment is the root cause of inequality.
underdevelopment is not necessarily the cause of inequality.
underdevelopment is largely overlooked, and should be the prime focus of research.
none of the choices.

46. Quick Quiz
Answer: B.
Dependency Theory makes a positive contribution to our understanding of global poverty by noting that underdevelopment is not necessarily the cause of inequality.

47. Quick Quiz
World Systems Theory suggests that what exists under capitalism is a truly global system that is held together by economic ties.
True
False

48. Quick Quiz
Answer: A.
World Systems Theory suggests that what exists under capitalism is a truly global system that is held together by economic ties.

49. Quick Quiz
What type of poverty involves a lack of resources that is life threatening?
Absolute
Relative
Symbolic
Working

50. Quick Quiz
Answer: A. Absolute poverty means a life-threatening lack of resources. Relative poverty describes the economic condition of those who in one society might be considered below the poverty line, where in other societies that same level of income could be considered well above that line.

51. Quick Quiz
Low-income countries typically have higher rates of illness and disease.
True
False

52. Quick Quiz
Answer: A.
Low-income countries typically have higher rates of illness and disease.