1. The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
Date of download: 10/11/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
J. Fluids Eng. 2014;136(9): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Acceleration profile from Ref. [11]

2. The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
Date of download: 10/11/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
J. Fluids Eng. 2014;136(9): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Mix region from the experiment (left), RANS (center), and ILES (right). Simulation mix regions visualized by 4f1f2 at t = 60 ms (τ = 1.74). Gray scale range is from [0:1]. The overall structure of the mixing region in the RANS and ILES is comparable to the experiment. (All experimental images ©British Crown Owned Copyright 2012/AWE).

3. The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
Date of download: 10/11/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
J. Fluids Eng. 2014;136(9): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Contours of heavy fluid volume fraction (f1) for RANS (left) and ILES (right) at t = 45 ms (τ = 1.26). Volume fraction contours are [ , 0.7, 0.975].

4. The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
Date of download: 10/11/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
J. Fluids Eng. 2014;136(9): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Contours of heavy fluid volume fraction (f1) for RANS (left) and ILES (right) at t = 60 ms (τ = 1.74). Volume fraction contours are [ , 0.7, 0.975] The RANS contours are closer together on the heavy side indicating larger asymmetry than the ILES.

5. The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
Date of download: 10/11/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
J. Fluids Eng. 2014;136(9): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Heavy fluid volume fraction (f1) along the centerline showing the difference in mixture fraction on the heavy side of the interface. (a) Volume fraction: t = 45 and (b) volume fraction: t = 60

6. The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
Date of download: 10/11/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
J. Fluids Eng. 2014;136(9): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Contours of turbulent kinetic energy K for RANS (left) and ILES (right) at t = 45 ms. Contours are [ , 0.7, 0.975] of the maximum RANS value; this saturates the ILES. The maximum values are K = 1.124 for the RANS and K = 1.538 for the ILES. Note the elevated levels of K on the spike (left) and bubble (right) side seen in the ILES are captured by the RANS.

7. The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
Date of download: 10/11/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
J. Fluids Eng. 2014;136(9): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Contours of turbulent kinetic energy K for RANS (left) and ILES (right) at t = 60 ms. Contours are [ , 0.7, 0.975] of the maximum RANS value; this saturates the ILES. The maximum values are K = 2.114 for the RANS and K = 3.109 for the ILES.

8. The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
Date of download: 10/11/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
J. Fluids Eng. 2014;136(9): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Contours of vertical turbulent mass-flux velocity az for RANS (left) and ILES (right) at t = 45 ms. Contours are [ , 0.7, 0.975] of the maximum RANS value; this saturates the ILES. The maximum values are az = 0.138 for the RANS and az = 0.5 for the ILES. The low-level contours are comparable, but the RANS underpredicts the centerline values. Note also the intermittency of the ILES.

9. The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
Date of download: 10/11/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
J. Fluids Eng. 2014;136(9): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Contours of vertical turbulent mass-flux velocity az for RANS (left) and ILES (right) at t = 60 ms. Contours are [ , 0.7, 0.975] of the maximum RANS value; this saturates the ILES. The maximum values are az = 0.184 for the RANS and az = 0.66 for the ILES. The RANS captures the structure of the LES but not the peak values along the center of the mix layer. The ILES shows significant intermittency with regions that are comparable to RANS near regions with much stronger turbulent mass flux.

10. The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
Date of download: 10/11/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
J. Fluids Eng. 2014;136(9): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Contours of the density-specific volume correlation b for RANS (left) and ILES (right) at t = 45 ms. Contours are [ , 0.7, 0.975] of the maximum RANS value; this saturates the ILES. The maximum values are b = 0.064 for the RANS and b = 0.182 for the ILES. The contours of b are much more constant along the mixing layer than other terms.

11. The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
Date of download: 10/11/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
J. Fluids Eng. 2014;136(9): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Contours of density-specific volume correlation b for RANS (left) and ILES (right) at t = 60 ms. Contours are [ , 0.7, 0.975] of the maximum RANS value; this saturates the ILES. The peak values are b = 0.063 for the RANS and b = 0.202 for the ILES. The ILES shows significant intermittency in this quantity as well.

12. The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
Date of download: 10/11/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
J. Fluids Eng. 2014;136(9): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Comparison of gradient diffusion model (left) for the horizontal turbulent mass-flux velocity (ax) and the transport model of BHR (center) and ILES (right) at t = 45 ms. Colors are values of ax and contour lines are [0.025,0.5,0.975] of the heavy fluid volume fraction to show the center and edges of the mixing layer. Note the countergradient flux in the top half of the mix layer.

13. The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
Date of download: 10/11/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
J. Fluids Eng. 2014;136(9): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Global quantities versus nondimensional time (τ) for FLAG-BHR2, viscous ILES (RTI3D-V), inviscid ILES (RTI3D-I), square domain DNS (DNS-TP), experimental box dimensions DNS (DNS-Exp), and experiment. (a) bubble height, (b) spike height, (c) mix width, (d) tilt angle, (e) TKE–linear scale, and (f) TKE–log scale.

14. The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
Date of download: 10/11/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
J. Fluids Eng. 2014;136(9): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Energy budget for the tilt rig RANS simulation. Symbols are terms computed directly from the code, line is the computed change in energy based on Eq. (9) demonstrating energy conservation. (a) Potential, kinetic, total, and predicted energy and (b) turbulent kinetic and internal energy. Oscillations in the internal energy are artifacts of the compressible nature of the simulations.

15. The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
Date of download: 10/11/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
The Tilted Rocket Rig: A Rayleigh–Taylor Test Case for RANS Models1
J. Fluids Eng. 2014;136(9): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Integrated mix mass and numerical mix mass from coarse and fine resolution calculations, and an alternative remap strategy. (a) Mix mass (g) and (b) mix mass fraction. By all times discussed, numerical mix is a small fraction of the total.