1. The High Middle Ages CHAPTER 14 Section 1: The Crusades
5/10/2018
CHAPTER 14
The High Middle Ages
Section 1: The Crusades
Section 2: The Revival of Trade
Section 3: The Growth of Towns
Section 4: Life and Culture in the Middle Ages
Section 5: Wars and the Growth of Nations
Section 6: Challenges to Church Power

2. The Crusades Objectives: Section 1:
Identify the main causes of the Crusades.
Describe the outcome of the First Crusade.
Describe the outcomes of the other major crusades.
Explain how the Crusades affected Europe.

3. The Crusades Causes of the Crusades Section 1:
Free the Holy Land from Seljuq control

4. The Crusades The First Crusade Section 1:
Brought much of the Holy Land under European control

5. The Crusades Other Major Crusades Section 1:
The Second Crusade – failed to recapture Damascus
The Third Crusade – again failed to recapture Jerusalem
The Fourth Crusade – Constantinople collapsed in 1453
Other crusades – crusades continued until the last Christian stronghold, Acre, fell in 1291

6. Results of the Crusades
Section 1:
The Crusades
Results of the Crusades
Weapons and warfare – crossbow, new ways to wage war
Political changes – fewer lords, stronger kings, end of feudalism, more powerful Christian church
Ideas and trade – new ideas and trade patterns

7. The Revival of Trade Objectives: Section 2:
Explain factors that led to the revival of trade in Europe.
Describe goods traded in Europe and explain why fairs began.
Identify important business developments that resulted from the growth of trade.

8. The Revival of Trade Trade Routes Section 2:
Trade in Italy – sea and overland trade routes
Trade in northern Europe – growth in population and wealth
The Hanseatic League – German trading cities joined together to increase trade

9. Trade Goods and Markets
Section 2:
The Revival of Trade
Trade Goods and Markets
Luxury goods such as dyes, medicines, silks, spices
Manufactured goods such as cotton, linen, art objects
Local markets gave rise to fairs for sale of imported goods with added tax
Social events

10. Manufacturing, Banking, and Investment
Section 2:
The Revival of Trade
Manufacturing, Banking, and Investment
Manufacturing – domestic system
Banking – exchanging currencies at fairs, lending money
Investing – market economy

11. The Growth of Towns Objectives: Section 3:
Identify rights townspeople gained during the late Middle Ages.
Explain how merchant and craft guilds contributed to their communities.
Describe how the growth of cities helped lead to the decline of serfdom.

12. The Rights of Townspeople
Section 3:
The Growth of Towns
The Rights of Townspeople
Freedom – after a year and a day
Exemption – from working on the manor
Town justice – towns had own courts
Commercial privileges – could sell freely in town market, charge tolls to outsiders

13. The Growth of Towns Guilds Section 3:
Merchants – outside merchants had to pay a fee to trade in towns
Workers – craft guilds set guidelines for wages, hours, and working conditions; start as apprentice, then journeyman, then master of that craft guild
The rise of the middle class – merchants and master workers

14. The Growth of Towns Medieval Towns Section 3:
Town life – serfs escaped to gain freedom
The Black Death – cities were dark, unsafe, dirty, and unhealthy, causing disease to spread rapidly

15. Life and Culture in the Middle Ages
Section 4:
Life and Culture in the Middle Ages
Objectives:
Analyze changes in languages and literature during the Middle Ages.
Examine changes in education during the Middle Ages.
Identify developments made in philosophy and science.
Describe the characteristic architecture of the later Middle Ages.

16. Language and Literature
Section 4:
Life and Culture in the Middle Ages
Language and Literature
Early vernacular literature – everyday language used in songs, romances, rhymed comic stories, epics, and dramas
The flowering of vernacular literature – Dante Alighieri and Geoffrey Chaucer

17. Life and Culture in the Middle Ages
Section 4:
Life and Culture in the Middle Ages
Education
University – teachers and students set up guilds to protect and gain rights for themselves, developed stages of study called degrees

18. Philosophy and Science
Section 4:
Life and Culture in the Middle Ages
Philosophy and Science
Philosophy – scholasticism brought together faith and reason
Science – mathematics and optics, advances in farming equipment

19. Life and Culture in the Middle Ages
Section 4:
Life and Culture in the Middle Ages
Architecture
Roman architecture featured arches, domes, vaults, low horizontal lines, few windows
Gothic architecture – pointed arches, tall spires, high walls, stained-glass windows

20. Wars and the Growth of Nations
Section 5:
Wars and the Growth of Nations
Objectives:
Identify how the Hundred Years’ War affected England and France.
Analyze how Spain’s rulers both strengthened and weakened their nation.
Explain why the Holy Roman Empire remained weak throughout the later Middle Ages.

21. Wars and the Growth of Nations
Section 5:
Wars and the Growth of Nations
England
The Hundred Years’ War – Edward III of England claimed French throne, but French assembly chose Philip VI of Flanders; brought new weapons (longbows, gunpowder, cannon); Parliament gained more power over the king
The War of the Roses – war for England’s throne ended with strong monarchy

22. Wars and the Growth of Nations
Section 5:
Wars and the Growth of Nations
France
A fight for the throne – Joan of Arc helped France regain throne and drive English out
A return of strong kings – feudal lords lost power to the king, who unified France under royal control

23. Wars and the Growth of Nations
Section 5:
Wars and the Growth of Nations
Spain
Ferdinand and Isabella – gave Spain a strong monarchy but weakened business and trade through discrimination

24. Wars and the Growth of Nations
Section 5:
Wars and the Growth of Nations
The Holy Roman Empire
Germany and Italy – independent prices in Germany and the pope in Italy refused to surrender power to the emperors

25. Challenges to Church Power
Section 6:
Challenges to Church Power
Objectives:
Identify the factors that led to the decline of the Catholic Church in the later Middle Ages.
Describe how the Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism affected the church.
Explain why great teachers and priests challenged the church during the later Middle Ages.

26. Challenges to Church Power
Section 6:
Challenges to Church Power
Church Power Weakens
Power shifted from the church to monarchs
People began to question church practices

27. The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism
Section 6:
Challenges to Church Power
The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism
People lost respect for the church
Competition among opposing popes weakened papal and church authority

28. More Problems for the Church
Section 6:
Challenges to Church Power
More Problems for the Church
Defender of the Faith opposed pope’s ideas
John Wycliffe – did not believe in absolute power of pope
Jan Hus – criticized abuses within the church