1. Lesson 2: Functional Groups
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Lesson 2: Functional Groups
Hydrocarbon derivatives: Crash course link

2. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Other atoms bonded to hydrocarbon molecule
Give organic compounds specific physical and chemical characteristic properties.
Different placement of oxygen
alcohol
Ether

3. LOOK
Reference
table R 
has all the
answers!

4. CATEGORIES OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
HALIDES:
A halogen (group 17 element) is added to, or substituted for H, on a hydrocarbon chain.
F (fluoro-), Cl (chloro-), Br (bromo-), and I (iodo-).
Number the carbon chain to identify its location
1,1 di-bromo
2 chloro
ethane 2 1

5. CATEGORIES OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
An example: CFC’s
(chloro fluoro carbons)
Ozone
hole
Difluoro dichloro methane

6. Reference table R has all of the answers!

7. Name these compounds: 1,1 dichlorobutane 1,3 dibromobutane 4 3 2 4 3 2

10. ORGANIC REACTIONS SUBSTITUTION: H atoms replaced by other elements.
In Saturated Hydrocarbons
H atoms replaced by other elements.
Occurs to members of the alkane family
Clue: how many products are formed?
Two.

11. ORGANIC REACTIONS ADDITION: In Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Breaking double or triple bonds to add elements
Occurs to alkenes or alkynes
Hydrogenation
Halogenation
Clue: how many products are formed?

12. = saturated hydrocarbon

13. = unsaturated hydrocarbon

14. CATEGORIES OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
ALCOHOLS:
CH3OH
Contains one or more group.
Not a hydroxide group (base)
(different bonding) but a hydroxyl group.
Compound names will end in “-ol ”. 1-
propan ol
A primary alcohol
(a primary carbon: on the end of the C chain)

15. Ethanol

16. a.k.a. Isopropyl alcohol 2 propanol: A secondary alcohol
(a secondary carbon:
middle of the C chain)
a.k.a.
Isopropyl alcohol

17. Name these: 3 5 4 2 1 1-
pentanol 2-
butanol

18. Name this:

19. Another common alcohol: very toxic!
ANTIFREEZE
1,2 ethandiol
Aka Ethylene glycol
Diols aren’t on the regents exam.

20. 1,2,3 propan-triol
Aka glycerol
Used for
CAKE ICING

21. Notice the use of condensed formulas

22. Alcohol’s end in ol

25. CATEGORIES OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
ALDEHYDES:
Ex: C2H5CHO
Look for CHO
Contains a at the end of a carbon chain.
Compound names end in “-al ”.
propan al

26. Methanal Aka formaldehyde Remember Trigonal Plane shape?
Formaldehyde in building products

28. CATEGORIES OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
KETONES:
Ex: CH3COCH3
Contains a group.
always in the middle of a carbon chain.
Compound names end in “-one”.
Sometimes called a carbonyl group. 2
propan
one
aka acetone

29. Propanone aka acetone

31. CATEGORIES OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
ORGANIC ACIDS:
COOH
Contains a group at the end of a carbon chain.
Compound name ends in -”OIC” acid”.
Propan
oic acid

32. Ethanoic acid
Aka acetic acid

34. To summarize:
Propan-ol
Propan-al
Propan-one
Propan-oic acid

35. Circle the
Functional
groups

36. CATEGORIES OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
ETHERS:
Contains a group in the middle of a carbon chain.
Compound is named using prefixes of two side chains and then “ether” as the ending.
methyl
propyl
ether

37. Diethyl ether

39. CATEGORIES OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
ESTERS:
Contains a group in the middle of a carbon chain.
Produced when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol (and water is removed between them).
Compound is named with prefix from the alcohol and then the acid name with an “-oate” ending.
Used in flavorings and perfumes.
methanol + ethanoic acid
methyl ethanoate

40. Aka Ethyl acetate “fruity essence”
methyl butanoate smells of pineapple ethyl methanoate smells of raspberry ethyl butanoate smells of pineapple pentyl ethanoate smells of banana
pentyl pentanoate smells of apple
pentyl butanoate smells of pear

41. Reaction between organic acid and alcohol.
ORGANIC REACTIONS
Making esters!
ESTERIFICATION:
Reaction between organic acid and alcohol.
Water is removed between the acid and the alcohol (a type of condensation reaction). +
+ H2O
Ethanoic acid
methanol
Methyl Ethanoate

45. How many carbons are missing?

47. CATEGORIES OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
AMINES:
…as in…
ammonia
NH3
Contains a usually at the end of a long the carbon chain.
Compound name ends with “-amine”.
Important functional group in amino acids.
methan
amine

48. * Amines Amphetamines Chlorphenamine (Chlor-Trimeton) antihistamine
Epinephrine
(adrenaline) *
*The above advertisement is a parody. Do not try this at home. Its is not only dangerous, but also illegal.

49. CATEGORIES OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
AMIDES:
Contains a group anywhere along the carbon chain.
Compound name ends with “-amide”.
Forms from a reaction between an organic acid and an amine (with water being removed).
Occurs when two amino acids are joined.
ethan
amide

50. amide
Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to form polypeptides and.. proteins

55. “class” “Functional Group” General formula Example With “condensed”