1. NDP, World History, Mr. Shuler The Postwar World: Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East,
Focus Question: What were the four major trends in world history affecting Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East?
Vocabulary: decolonization, Partition, Nelson Mandela, apartheid, Deng Xiaoping, Asian Tigers, Augusto Pinochet, Iranian Revolution, Camp David Accords

2. The Big Points: The World 1945-2000
Almost all colonies gained independence
East & Southeast Asian countries got much richer through trade
The Cold War and economic inequality destabilized many Latin American countries
The Middle East became a hotbed of conflict
Next class we will fill in details with some specific people…

3. 1. Decolonization: Almost all colonies gained independence
First: India in 1947, most places in 1960s
South Africa: due to white South Africans, apartheid does not fully end until 1994 (Nelson Mandela)
Independence could be achieved…
Peacefully (Gandhi in India)
Through violent revolution (Vietnam)
Or a mixture of the two (Jomo Kenyatta in Kenya or Nelson Mandela in South Africa)

4. Map of Decolonization

5. Three Problems After Independence
Ethnic or religious internal divisions
Leads to a very bloody partition of secular/Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan at independence (1947)
Rwandan genocide (1994)
Iraq today (Sunni vs. Shi’a vs. Kurd)
Problems creating stable, fair democracies
Jomo Kenyatta creates one-party state in Kenya
Problems growing economically
Often failed experiments with socialism
Mostly lack capital to invest and fall into horrible debt

6. Partition of India & Pakistan: 15 million displaced, 1 million killed
Disputed region of Kashmir

7. 2. East & Southeast Asian countries got much richer through trade
Japan rebuilds and trades with the U.S. after WW2
World’s 2nd largest economy for a while
China first tries a Communist approach under Mao Zedong (“Great Leap Forward” and backyard steel furnaces)
Then China gradually switches to an export-friendly government-backed free market system under Deng Xiaoping
Overall economy surpasses Japan and recently the USA (but not if measured per capita)
The Asian Tigers (South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore) invest heavily in export industry & education, and then move into high-end, high-profit industries like electronics

8. The Asian Tigers and Japan

9. 3. The Cold War and economic inequality destabilized many Latin American countries
Large economic inequalities leads to revolutionary workers’ movements that sometimes are also socialist or Communist
Remember Pancho Villa & Zapata in the Mexican Revolution?
Perónistas in Argentina
Fidel Castro in Cuba
Hugo Chavez in Venezuela recently
Rightwing military dictatorships try to suppress these movements even if democratically elected… and the CIA helps them (Cold War politics)
Augusto Pinochet in Chile and Operation Condor
Some countries remain relatively stable (e.g. Mexico)

10. Map of 20th Century Dictatorships or Authoritarian Governments in Latin America Desaparecidos protest

11. 4. The Middle East became a hotbed of conflict… The Creation of Jewish Israel
Zionism increases after the Holocaust
Leads to Jewish-Arab clashes in British Palestine
1947 U.N. proposes independence: split between Israel and Palestine with a shared capital of Jerusalem
1948 Instead there is a war and Israel takes it all… but some areas are still majority Arab
Palestinian Arabs flee the fighting and are never allowed back home

12. 1948: Independence & Refugees

13. Israel: Two Phases of Conflict
: Neighboring Arab countries attack Israel several times, but Israel always wins
Due to anti-Judaism & to end oppression of Palestinians
Israel has British & French support
1978: Camp David Accords: U.S. brokers peace between Israel and Egypt
1978-present: conflict centers on Israeli settlements and Palestinian terrorism
U.S. supports Israel and alienates the Muslim world

14. 4. The Middle East became a hotbed of conflict… The Iranian Revolution
1953 U.K. and U.S.A. sponsor a coup vs. the democratic Prime Minister and replace democracy with an exiled shah (king)
Over nationalization of a British oil company
1979 Shi’a students inspired by Ayatollah Khomeini launch the successful Iranian Revolution vs. western influence… an “Islamic Republic”
Iran holds Americans from the embassy hostage for 444 days
Iran is attacked by secular/Sunni Saddam Hussein (Iraq), but eventually wins a bloody nine year war
Issues: Oil, Western power, religious divisions