1. Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant at Devanahalli
Presented by
Amresh Sinha
CDD Society Bangalore
Date: December 23rd & 24th 2016
Place: Lucknow
Under Sanitation Capacity Platform (SCBP)

2. We have sanitation challenges!
Sanitation Capacity Building Platform
What is it?
Collaborative effort by NIUA for Mainstreaming Fecal Sludge Management at the state level and national sanitation agenda. Working with Expert Partner organsiations for FSM solutions, upscaling of capacity building and national level advoacy with the NFSSM group.
We can help you!
We have sanitation challenges!
WASHi
ULB

3. CDD : Introduction Est. 2002 90 Professionals 21 Partner Orgs.
Technical Training
Consulting Services
Wastewater Treatment
Faecal Sludge Mgmt
Research and Knowledge
350+ DEWATS designed
Labs, Classrooms, Models
500+ Engineers Trained
Resource Center, MDWSS

4. Shit Flow Diagram : Today
Containment
Emptying
Transport
Treatment
Reuse/
Disposal
1.4%
0.1%
Centralized System (11.9%)
Decentralized systems (2%)
Legally dumped (9.3%)
Effectively Treated (1.4%)
Not Effectively Treated (3.08%)
13.9% WC
36.18%
On-Site Facility
Safely Emptied (31%)
Safely Abandoned (0.09%)
Leakage includes DEWATS
(3.6%+ 0.2%)
Illegally dumped (21.7%)
Effectively Treated (5.2%)
5.2%
49.9%
5.2%
12.7%
21.7%
3.8%
Domestic Environment
Receiving Waters
Agriculture field
93.3%
Not Effectively
Treated (0.45%)
6.7%
Not Effectively Treated (9.21%)
Un-Safely Emptied (5.18%)
50%
OD / Open Discharge
Data Source Census 2011 4

5. SFD : Urban India, 2020 Containment Emptying Transport Treatment
Reuse/
Disposal 5% 3%
Centralized System (20%)
Decentralized systems (6%)
Legally dumped (26.0%)
Effectively Treated (4.6%)
Not Effectively Treated (3%)
26% WC
59%
On-Site Facility
Safely Emptied (48%)
Safely Abandoned (2.88%)
Leakage includes DEWATS (5%+0.6%)
Illegally dumped (19.2%)
Effectively Treated (12%)
12%
11%
15%
30%
19% 6%
Domestic Environment
Receiving Waters
Agriculture field
80.5%
Not Effectively
Treated (0.81%)
19.5%
Not Effectively Treated (26. %)
Un-Safely Emptied (11%)
15%
OD / Open Discharge

6. Scale of challenge Facing India
In Urban India…
40 billion liters of human waste is produced every day
93% is untreated, causing severe water pollution and disease
4 Lakh Crores, the World Bank estimates as the cost of poor sanitation
More than Black Money
In the next 15 years, Urban India is expected to grow by 50% to 60 Crores people
How do you deliver sustainable sanitation solutions to 60 Crores people?

7. The Sanitation Value Chain India
By 2020, 60% of Indian toilets will have on-site storage, not sewers
50% OD
Urban: ~10% OD (40% of slums)
Terrible community toilets
Actions:
Swachh Bharat Mission
CSR

8. The Sanitation Value Chain
By 2020, 60% of Indian toilets will have on-site storage, not sewers
35% toilets have on-site storage: 70% by 2020
Standards not followed, poor construction, no lining
Septage seeping into the ground
Actions: Virtually None

9. The Sanitation Value Chain
By 2020, 60% of Indian toilets will have on-site storage, not sewers
Unorganized sector, mostly private
Decent service levels to client
Poor operating conditions (employees)
Profitable businesses
Actions:
Better trucks now available

10. The Sanitation Value Chain
By 2020, 60% of Indian toilets will have on-site storage, not sewers
Almost none—some STPs allow sludge dumping but very little, ~0 (tech issues)
Transporters dump in fields, drains, water bodies, open land
Actions:
FSTP in Devanahalli
Strong demand

11. The Sanitation Value Chain
By 2020, 60% of Indian toilets will have on-site storage, not sewers
Small fraction is used directly in fields
Farmers fear health hazard, smells, inconvenient
No testing, No standards, No widespread safety measures
Actions:
None

12. The Sanitation Value Chain
By 2020, 60% of Indian toilets will have on-site storage, not sewers

13. Project Objectives 1
To establish a independent fecal sludge treatment Plant as Pilot 2
To ensure good O&M of sanitation infrastructure which leads to reduction in risks to public health and environment 3
To treat the septage to prescribed reuse standards 4
To produce a hygienic and safe by-products for reuse

14. Background Devanahalli is a Town located in Bangalore Rural District
The Devanahalli Town is located 39 km to the North-East of Bangalore
Population
Area - 16 Sq.km
Close proximity to Airport

15. About Devanahalli TMC 23 wards` 6500 households
Households depend on septic tanks and pits for waste disposal
No of Septic tanks /pits in TMC: 5,110
No UGD connection
Faecal sludge is disposed at undesignated locations (farms, drains, …..)
More than 5% of town residents use public toilets or resort to open defecation

16. Storage : Collection / Outlet
78%
Single Pit
10%
Septic Tank 3%
Twin Pit 6% .
Open drain

17. Septic tank/Pits without lining Septic tank/Pitwith lining
The Data…
Septic tank/Pits without lining
Septic tank/Pitwith lining
770 HH (35%)
1,446 HH (65%)
>5 Yrs 339
(16%)
Never 917 (44%)
<5 Yrs 821 (40%)
Desludging Frequency

18. Implying… Un-lined Containment Infrequent Desludging
Septic tank/Pits without lining
Never 917 (44%)
>5 Yrs
339 (16%)
Septic tank/ Pit with lining
<5 Yrs
821 (40%)
Un-lined Containment
Infrequent Desludging
Most sewage seeping into the ground untreated Recommend : Retro-Fit Tanks + Planned Desludging

19. Location of Septic Tank
Front of House
(41%)
Below Road
(10%)
Under Toilet (3%)
Next to Toilet
(7%)
Behind House
(39%)

20. Transportation TMC desludging vehicle (capacity 4,000L)
1 - 2 loads de-sludged
daily—dumped in fields
Private Players too
No sewer system planned in near future--limited water
City is growing—need to act

21. Transportation

22. Re-Use Private and ULB Truck dump sludge in fields Potentially unsafe—
farmers don’t want to
handle it
Farms not easily accessible—Peri-urban farms shrinking
Need a better supply chain for safer, widespread re-use

23. Challenge: improper dumping
Our Solution: FSM
Challenge: improper dumping
Solution: low-tech fecal water treatment
Storage
Transport
Treatment
Reuse
Collection at designated
septic locations
Contractors transport
waste to FSTP
Proprietary waste treatment for local reuse
Enriched waste provided for agricultural use
Status quo: improper dumping causes pollution, disease and environmental damage
1. Fecal Sludge Treatment Plant

24. Selection criteria
To meet the required discharge standards for safe disposal
Social acceptability and people’s preference
Ease in operation (simplicity) and maintenance of the treatment unit
Safe and hygienic operation for operators and mainatainace staff
Affordable O&M cost for the TMC
Minimization / No usage of electromechanical inputs for treatment as well as disposal
Reasonable capital cost and construction area requirement
To meet the reuse standards of its by-products

25. Treatment Process
Anaerobic Digestion based Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant 1
FSTP at Centre for Advanced Sanitation Solution (CASS)
Separation of solids
Treatment principles and process adopted based on the experience of research unit
Treatment Capacity – max 3m3 of faecal sludge / septage
Feed frequency – daily 2
Sludge stabilization 3
Dewatering / Drying 4
Sludge percolate treatment 5
Disinfection 6
Safe disposal / Reuse

26. Design considerations
Feed type – Faecal sludge/septage
Feed frequency – Daily discharge
Treatment capacity – max 8 cum/day
Treatment approach – Gravity based biological treatment system
Faecal sludge characteristics
Sample Parameters
Fresh Septage /
Fecal Sludge mg/l
Average value
mg/l
BOD, mg/l
10, ,000
20,000
COD, mg/l
20, ,000
40,000
Total Solids
30, ,000
50,000 pH
7.2
Coliform
1 x x 107
3 x 106

27. Treatment modules Screening Solid-Liquid Separation
Sludge Stabilization
Anaerobic Digestion Reactor
Screen and Grit Chamber
Equalisation/ Settling Tank
Constructed Wetland
Co-composting
Deep Row Entrenchment
Liquid Treatment
Disinfection
Dewatering
DEWATS
Co-composting
Unplanted Drying Bed
Cocopeat
Lime Dosing
Geotube Bags
Planted Drying Bed
Flow - Diagram

28. Screen chamber / Settling tank
Treatment Modules
Screen chamber / Settling tank

29. Anaerobic Stabilisation Reactor
Treatment Modules
Anaerobic Stabilisation Reactor
Biogas Digester
Stabilisation Tank

30. Treatment Modules
Unplanted Drying Bed

31. Treatment Modules
DEWATS / Composting

32. Operation Requirements Maintenance Requirements
O&M Requirements
Operation Requirements
Maintenance Requirements
Receive Faecal sludge
Influent quality check
Cleaning of Screens
Operation of Valves
Harvesting of Plants in PGF
Removal of dried solids from SDB
Cleaning of pipes
Desludging
Cleaning of filter materials in PGF
Cleaning of filter materials in SDB
Repair of pipes/valves

33. Maximum Treatment Capacity – 8 Cum/day
Construction Details
Maximum Treatment Capacity – 8 Cum/day
Total area – 650 Sqmt
Treatment unit – 350sqmt
Others – 300sqmt
Cost of Treatment Unit – INR 40 Lakhs
Cost of other civil structure – INR 20 Lakhs
Cost of O&M – Estimated INR 5-6 Lakhs
Construction type
Civil based
FRP Prefabricated
Construction period
6 months
Plant commissioning
November 2015

34. Construction Layout /
Hydraulic Profile

35. Treatment modules

36. Performance Assessment
Sample Parameters
Expected Effluent quality of liquid fraction
BOD, mg/l
< 30
COD, mg/l
< 250 pH
NH4-N mg/l
< 50
PO4- P mg/l
< 5
Influent
Effluent

37. Operations Detailed daily monitoring at every step
Daily MIS circulated to all parties:
Volume of Sludge Received (liters) 6,65,800
Volume of Water Treated (liters) 3,31,290
Volume of Solids Treated (liters) 3,34,510
Sludge Produced (kg) 17 T
Visitors

38. Financials Treatment capacity Max 6 m3/day
Can serve 2,800-4,000 households (cleaning every 2-3 yrs)
Total
Per Household
CapEx
Rs 60 Lakhs
Rs 200
OpEx (annual)
Rs 6 Lakhs
Rs 20

39. Operating Model Private and ULB trucks can bring Sludge here : Free
TMC agreed to pay O&M costs
Grant covered CapEx; TMC provided land and services
Land sold for Advertisement Space
Integrated O & M Contract for Truck and Plant operations

40. Closing the loop- Environment Sustainability
Closing of nutrient cycle by ensuring the reuse of by products
Sludge as soil conditioner
Biogas for heating
Water for irrigation

41. Integrating Food Security
Treated wastewater is nutrient-rich
Reduces chemical fertilizer by 40-70%
Ideal for urban farming—global trend
Can connect to community toilets or local sewer system
Immediate impact on nutrition and farming livelihoods

42. Social Impact of FSM Sanitation spend has one of the highest ROI
For every Rs 1 spent on sanitation, Rs 4.6 of benefits are generated
Economy
Total Benefit
Quality of Life
2.45x
CAPEX multiplier*
4.6x
aggregate multiplier*
13%
of total benefit
1 Crores
CAPEX/FSTP
1 Crores CAPEX/FSTP
1 crores
CAPEX/FSTP
– page 4
– page 1
5% and 13% of total benefits. - HEALTHCARE
Rs 2.5 Crores in economic value for local community,
per plant constructed
2.5 Crores in aggregate benefits for local community, per plant constructed
Rs 60 Lakhs in health care savings for local community, per plant constructed
1. Return on Investment, 2. According to World Health Organization: 2012 sanitation report

43. Buy in Generated till now…
UP/Bihar: SupportAMRUT/NIUA
Raj. CM requested presentation;
Doing 3-day training + exposure visit to ADB and State Govt. team
Nepal: 1 FSTP commissioned, 1 in process
B’desh: ADB 4 cities sanitation projects
Sandvik Asia (CSR): exploring FSM for 1 town near Pune
Orissa: Supporting for 9 AMRUT cities other towns
AP: MoU signed with CM for comprehensive tech support
Robertsonpet: $2.3Mn for FSM under AMRUT; Gulbarga: $150,000 sanctioned for 2 FSTPs; O&M oversight
Rs 3Cr for technical advisory to Govt. of TN

44. Wastewater Infrastructure
7,000 towns with 400 Million people (600Mn by 2030)
All cities need combination of approaches to solve challenge:
Approach
Notes
Cap Ex per Capita
1. Centralized Sewerage Systems
Difficult and disruptive
Many failed / partial treatment
Rs 20,000
[pop 200,000=
Rs 400Cr]
2. De-centralized Wastewater Treatment Systems
Implement in phased manner
Local re-cycling of water
Regulations—bulk generators invest
Rs 4,000 – 6,000
[Rs 100Cr]
3. Faecal Sludge Management
Very simple, quick and low cost
Need good logistics operations
Technical skills not easily available
Rs 750
[Rs 15Cr]

46. Thank You www.niua.org National Institute of Urban Affairs
Core 4B, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road
New Delhi