1. Bones Lab True bone is living tissue
Composed of living cells – osteocytes
Within a mineralized matrix
osteocytes

2. Osteocytes are fed by blood capillaries
Bone matrix
(with osteocytes)
Bone marrow
Bone
capillaries

3. Functions of bones
1) Support
Large animals need internal structure
Without, body cavity would collapse

4. Land animals needed rigid limbs
To hold body up against gravity

5. 2) Lever system for muscle attachment
Vertebrates have antagonistic muscle pairs
Muscles have pulling strength only
No pushing strength
Takes a pair of muscles to move body parts
E.g., Biceps and triceps move lower arm

6. E.g. ribs protect lungs and heart
3) Protect vital organs
E.g. ribs protect lungs and heart
Vertebrae protect spinal cord
vertebral
foramen

7. 4) Create red and white blood cells Occurs in red bone marrow
Porous areas of arm, leg, & rib bones
“spongy” bone
red morrow
yellow marrow
(fat storage)

8. Skeletal anatomy
Axial skeleton
Skull, vertebrae & ribs
Regions:
Skull
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Caudal
Appendicular skeleton
Limb girdles:
Pelvic girdle
Pectoral girdle
Hind limb
Forelimb

9. Bone terminology
Process: outgrowth or projection
Foramen: opening or passageway
Facet: smooth articulating surface
Trochlea: V-shaped articulating surface
Fossa: pit or cavity

10. Thoracic processes

11. Disarticulated vs. articulated
disarticulated human skeleton

12. Ball and socket joints
Shoulder joint
Hip joint

13. Fusing
Sacrum

14. Enjoy!
pectoral
girdle
Os Coxa
sacrum
Talus