2. Social Problems and social pathology: A term applied and implies a medical analogy for aspects of society considered to be problematic. It depends on society perceiving that particular groups, individuals or circumstances depart from accepted norms. In the community, there are both individual and social problems. When individual problems affect a large no. of people , they become social problems.

3. Prostitution: Is an age-old social evil
Prostitution: Is an age-old social evil. It is a social problem in most urban areas, and to a lesser extent in rural areas. Health effect of prostitution: 1. STD ( specially HIV/AIDS). 2. Illegitimate babies. 3. Breakdown families.

4. Underlying causes: 1. Changes in environment. 2
Underlying causes: 1. Changes in environment. 2. Breakdown of family relations. 3. Parental quarrels. 4. Want of affection. 5. Illegitimate love. 6. Easy money. 7. Low I.Q. 8. Low moral standards. 9. Poverty etc.

5. Delinquency: A deviant is one who shows deviation from normal behavior e.g. theft, sexual offence, murder, burglary etc. Underlying causes: Social maladjustment. 2. Poverty. 3. Disturbed home conditions. 4. Alcoholism. 5. Drug addictions. 6. Modern ways of living.

6. Dowry system: It is an innocent custom, a symbol of love from parents to their daughters on the eve of her marriage. But in recent years it has grown into a social evil with many instances of bride-burning and suicides. These are symptoms of societal corruption.

7. Drug Addiction: Definition: It is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication detrimental to the individual and society produced by repeated intake of habit-forming drug. " Drug culture" is fast making inroads into lives of young people from all walks of life.

8. To call a person a drug addict , the following criteria must be satisfied: 1. Psychological dependence: there is an overpowering desire ( compulsion) to take the drug and obtain it by any means. 2. Physical dependence: when the drug is withdrawn, the patient shows " withdrawal symptoms" as violent behavior, nausea vomiting, watering of eyes and noise. 3. Development of tolerance: there is a tendency to increase the dose.

9. Treatment: 1. Medical treatment. 2. Change in environment. 3
Treatment: 1. Medical treatment. 2. Change in environment. 3. Complete break between the patient and his group. 4. Psychotherapy. 5. Prevention through education for target population and general public through all media.

10. Alcohol Abuse: It is a worldwide social and medical problem, during the last 40 years , alcohol consumption increased in both qualities and quantities. The age that people start drinking is also declined. The population at higher risks are those undergo rapid social change, they view alcohol as a symbol of prestige and social status. Drinking by adults serve as role model for young.

11. Unmarried mothers: This is an a problem in western societies, and an emerging problem in eastern ones because of dowry system and low income of young population.

12. Handicapped: Handicapped comprises 6 main categories: 1. The blind. 2
Handicapped: Handicapped comprises 6 main categories: 1. The blind. 2. The deaf. 3. The orthopaedically handicapped. 4. The leprosy affected. 5. The mentally retarded. 6. The emotionally and socially handicapped.

13. Deviance: Definition: Behavior which departs someone from socially accepted norms. Primary deviance: Abnormal, unusual or unexpected behavior for a person in given social circumstance through ignorance, accident or on purpose. Secondary deviance: The change in behavior ( deviance) which results from be labeled as deviant.

14. Theories of deviance: 1. Personal factors: A
Theories of deviance: 1.Personal factors: A. Biological theories: Inherited physical character as muscular mesomorphic (build) Abnormal EEG Atypical chromosomes. B. Psychological theories: Personality damage by disturb childhood→ impaired socialization Part of subconscious defense mechanisms Previous frustration → aggression → murder or suicide Low intelligence ( low I.Q.). 2. Environmental factors: A. Physical environment: Heat waves Overcrowding. B. Sociological perspectives: Functionalist: lack of cohesion, industrialization, frustration Conflicts: abnormal ideology in the country Internationalists: group abnormal behavior Ethno methodology: dealing with results, not with causes.

15. Control: People behaviors in the community are controlled by sanctions which may be formal or informal. Formal sanction: The deviance is considered sufficiently serious to require external constraints such those of the law. Informal sanction: Are those diffuse standards in the community of expected behaviors , e.g. forms of greeting, length of hairs and dress. It may be national ( e.g. respect to cow in India) and international (e.g. respect to parents).

16. Labeling: - In sociology is equal to diagnosis in medicine
Labeling: - In sociology is equal to diagnosis in medicine. - People behavior is altered or reinforced by labeling. - Be careful in labeling because you are making a decision about a person. - It is unlikely to be a cause for certain condition. - It is a major factor in mental illnesses.

17. Stigma: - It is visible bodily sign which set a person a part from others as dwarf. - It is abnormal personal characteristic as alcoholism. - It may be tribal as race, nationality and religion. * Stigmatized person is different from others, and often in some way inferior or unacceptable. * Stigma is culturally defined, epileptic fits are seen as prestigious signs of religious possession, rather than medical conditions, this is run for centuries in Europe.