1. CAPITAL MARKET EFFICIENCY AND CAPITAL MARKETS IN INDIA
Chapter 19

2. CAPITAL MARKETS
Capital markets facilitate the buying and selling of securities, such as shares and bonds or debentures. They perform two valuable functions:
Liquidity
Pricing securities

3. Weekly Share Price Index, 10 Feb. 1990 to 28 Feb. 2009

4. Weekly market returns, 10 Feb. 1990 to 28 Feb. 2009

5. Capital Market Efficiency
Capital Market Efficiency may be defined as the ability of securities to reflect and incorporate all relevant information in their prices. Three forms of capital market efficiency may be distinguished –
Weak form of efficiency
Semi-strong form of efficiency
Strong form of efficiency

6. Weak Form of Efficiency
The security prices reflect all past information about the price movements.

7. Semi-Strong Form of Efficiency
The security prices reflect all public ally available information about the price movements.

8. Strong Form of Efficiency
The security prices reflect all published and unpublished public and private information about the price movements.

9. Attributes of a Perfect Capital Market
No entry Barriers.
Large Number of Buyers and Sellers.
Divisibility of financial assets.
Absence of transaction costs.
No tax differences.
Free Trading.

10. Three significant imperfections of Capital markets
Tax asymmetries
Information asymmetries
Transaction costs

11. CAPITAL MARKETS IN INDIA
Primary market
Secondary market

12. PRIMARY CAPITAL MARKET IN INDIA
Primary capital market is a conduit for the sale of new securities.
Listed (existing or new) companies may make the public issues of shares.
The initial public offerings (IPOs) are the public issues of securities by new companies for the first time.

13. Financial Instruments
Equity and debt are the two basic instruments of raising capital from the primary markets.
Ordinary shares
Preference shares
Debentures
Convertible debentures
Warrants
Cumulative convertible preference shares (CCPS)
Derivative securities
Borrowings from financial institutions

14. Resource Mobilization from IPOs and Rights Issues

15. Private Placement
Instead of a public issue of securities, a company may offer them privately, only to a few investors; that is, less than 50 in number. This is referred to as private placement of securities.

16. Reasons for the development of Private Placement
Private placement of securities is subject to much less compliance than the public issues
Private placement is cost effective as compared to public issues
Private placement is time effective as deals can be easily and directly negotiated with a few investors
Private placement helps to tailoring the issues according to the needs of the companies

17. Euro Issues
Companies in India have started raising funds via euro issues in the foreign capital markets.
Euro issues include foreign currency convertible bonds (FCCBs), global depository receipts (GDRs) and American depository receipts (ADRs).

18. Government Securities
Both the central and state governments borrow large sums of money from the primary market by issuing dated securities (long-term securities) and Treasury bills (T-Bills).
T-Bills in India are issued for short duration.

19. Pricing of New Issues
Companies in India can freely price share issues, subject to the SEBI guidelines.
In the case of the listed companies, the current market price provides a basis for pricing the new issue of securities.
A company is required to issue a prospectus when it issues shares to the public.

20. Book Building and Price Discovery
Book building is an alternative to the traditional fixed-price method of security issue.
In book building the issue price is not fixed.
Book building is a process of offering securities at various bid prices from investors.
There is a price band with the floor price (lower price) and the ceiling price (higher price).
The demand for the security is assessed and the price is discovered based on bids made by investors.
Price discovery, therefore, depends on the demand for the shares at different prices.

21. Book building involves the following steps:
The company plans an IPO via the book building route.
It appoints an issue manager (usually a merchant banker) as book-runner.
It issues a draft prospectus containing all required disclosure.
The draft prospectus is filed with SEBI.

22. Cont…
The issue manager (book-runner) appoints syndicate members and other registered intermediaries to garner subscription.
Price discovery begins through the bidding process.
At the close of bidding, book-runner and the company decide upon the allocation and allotments.

23. SECONDARY MARKETS IN INDIA
Secondary capital markets deal in the second-hand issued securities.
Stock exchanges are secondary markets where buyers and sellers trade in already issued securities.

24. A stock exchange provides the following useful economic functions:
Help in determining fair prices based on demand and supply forces and all-available information
Providing easy marketability and liquidity for investors
Facilitation in capital allocations in primary markets through price signalling
Enabling investors to adjusting portfolios of securities
In terms of business activities, the two most prominent all-India stock exchanges are the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange (NSE).

25. Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)
SEBI is required to regulate and promote the securities market by:

26. Secondary Market: Selected Indicators

27. Government Securities Market
The government debt market constitutes about three-fourths of the debt market in India.
Commercial banks and financial institutions in India own a large proportion of the government debt securities due to statutory liquidity and other investment requirements.

28. Derivatives Market
Derivatives are securities derived from other securities (called underlying securities) like equity, debt, or any other type of security.
They also include contracts that derive their values from prices or index of prices.
In India, the OTC derivatives are not allowed; the legal derivatives must trade on recognised stock exchanges only.

29. Trading and Settlement
Dematerialization of shares
Trading
Rolling settlement
Circuit breaker

30. MERCHANT BANKING: ROLE IN CAPITAL MARKETS
Merchant bankers play the role of intermediaries in the capital market in India.
They help companies in the total management of issues of securities.
Therefore, they are called issue managers.
As members of stock exchange, underwriters of new issues and book builders, they help to make market, and hence, are known as market makers also.
Merchant bankers cannot undertake the pure fund-based activities.

31. MUTUAL FUNDS AND CAPITAL MARKETS
Indian investors started investing through mutual funds since 1964 when the government set up the Unit Trust of India (UTI).
UTI’s objective was to mobilize the savings of the public, and invest them in securities and other assets, enabling the investors to earn good returns.

32. Broad categories of Mutual Funds
Closed-ended mutual funds
Open-ended fund

33. Various kinds of funds possible:
Income funds
Growth funds
Balanced funds
Tax saving funds
Sector-based funds

34. Benefits of Mutual Funds
Simplicity
Diversification
Professional management
Affordability
Flexibility

35. Drawbacks of Mutual Funds
High fees and expenses
Brokerage fees
Hidden costs
Cost of diversification
Risks of ownership

36. Index Fund
In an index fund, the funds manager creates the fund by buying shares included in a stock market index such as the BSE Sensex or the NSE Nifty or a sector specific stock index.
Sector funds are index funds as they are based on stock market indices.
Stock market indices keep track of all types of companies.

37. Advantages: Index Funds
Less expenses
Low research cost
Regular follow-up

38. Limitations: Index Funds
Index funds can never outperform the market.
The small investors may not be able to invest in index funds as several funds require a large initial investment.

39. Hedge Fund
A hedge fund does varieties of things than merely buying and selling securities.
It takes both long and short positions, uses arbitrage, buys and sells undervalued securities, trades options or bonds, and invest in almost any opportunity in any market where it foresees impressive gains at reduced risk.
Most hedge funds aim at reducing volatility and risk, while offering high returns under different market conditions.

40. Advantages: Hedge Fund
Positive returns
Risk reduction
Wide choices
High returns
Ideal investment
Better diversification