1. Chapter 13 - Mass "Jacksonian" Democracy
YOU NEED PAPER AND SOMETHING TO WRITE WITH

2. Politics shift in the 1820s:
"Jeffersonian Democracy“= small federal gov’t
"Jacksonian" Democracy" takes it one step further
a. governing was done DIRECTLY by the people
b. universal white manhood suffrage began to replace property requirements

3. Voter turnout rose w/ new style of politicking:
a. banners
b. badges
c. parades
d. barbecues
e. free drinks
f. baby kissing

4. Con’t
a. members of the Electoral College were being chosen directly by the people
b. desire of the people to nominate their own presidential candidates rather than by congressional caucus

5. Election of 1824 Andrew Jackson TN "Old Hero of New Orleans"
Henry Clay KY "Harry of the West"
William Crawford GA chosen by congressional caucus
John Quincy Adams MA
son of ex-Pres.

6. See Table pg 258
Jackson
won the popular vote
Did not win the majority of electoral votes
12th am
Clay eliminated (last) but he was the powerful Speaker of the House
Crawford - had a stroke - eliminated
JQAdams – puritan and boring

7. The Corrupt Bargain Clay met privately w/ Adams
Promised support if he is made Sec of State
House held its vote and Adams won.
Impact: JQA becomes 1st minority president (only 1/3 voted for him)

8. John Quincy Adams' Administration:
Not popular
"Old Nationalist"
a. roads/canals
b. idea of nat'l university
c. wanted fed. $ for astronomical observatory
d. cut back on speculation of W lands
e. supporter of Cherokee nation's rt to land in GA
f. maintained competent gov't workers

9. Public Reaction waste of $ for observatory
to fund projects - continue w/ tariff (hated in the S)
resisted fed. in state matters:
1. Cherokee - GA wanted them removed to make room for whites (ex. of nullification)
2. States have right to decide:
education
transportation
slavery (sectionalism)

10. Tariff of 1828
passed at the very end of JQA's administration to spite JQA
Really high and effected mostly the South
Protective tariff

11. Election of 1828 National Republicans John Quincy Adams
Support from N and NE
Democratic Republicans
Andrew Jackson
Support from S and W
Campaign Is riddled with mudslinging both personal and political
Results: Jackson wins by landslide 173 to 83.

13. Jackson's Administration
1. Tariff of "Tariff of Abomination" or "Black Tariff"
South continued to see the Tariff of Abomination as
a. threat to slavery
b. interference of the federal gov't to southern states.
c. The SC Exposition (written by Calhoun) denounces the tariff as unjust and unconstitutional and demands that states nullify the tariff.

15. South Carolina still resented the tariff.
In response, Congress passed the Tariff of 1832 which did lower tariffs to about 35% (10% less than the 1828 tariff).
South Carolina still resented the tariff.
the election of 1832 Nullifiers versus Unionists
and the Nullifiers were victorious in SC.
1. State legislature called a special convention
2. Declared existing federal tariff null and void within S.C.
3. S. C. would make any necessary military preparations to prevent federal forces from collecting the tax
4. If federal troops did come, S. C. would withdraw from the Union. (secede)

16. Jackson reacted violently:
1. pledged to uphold the Union
2. promised to hang the nullifiers
3. Dispatched modest naval and military reinforcements to SC
4. quietly raised a sizable Union army
5. issued a proclamation against the nullifiers
*Gov. Hayne responded with a counter-proclamation.

17. Tariff of 1833 Proposed by Henry Clay
called for the gradual reduction of the Tariff of 1832 by 10% over an 8 year period - basically equal to the 1816 tariff of 20-25%.

18. Congress passed the Force Bill
South Carolinians called it the “Bloody Bill”
authorized the president to use army and navy if necessary to collect federal tariff duties.
In response, South Carolina would gradually abandon nullification in favor of secession.

19. Indian Problems
Jackson regarded the Indian tribes as separate within a state.
The Sup Ct/Marshall ruled that the US could not separate the individual tribes within a state.
Jackson strongly opposed the Court and decided to remove all eastern tribes (5 Civilized Tribes) beyond the Mississippi River Individual Indians could stay if assimilated into the white man's society.
Began Trail of Tears

20. Bank Issue:
Jackson distrusted monopolistic banking and oversized business –
Hated the Bank of the US (BUS).
Clay decided to push for BUS 2 recharter 4 years early
Jackson probably would have approved the bank's recharter in 1836

21. BUS
Clay's reasoning - if Jackson signed it - he would alienate the West and if he vetoed it Jackson would presumably lose the presidency in the next election.
The bill to recharter the BUS was approved by Congress and Jackson did veto it as being unconstitutional - even though the Sup Ct in McCulloch v. Maryland declared it constitutional. (federal gov't was needed but was also immune to state taxes).

22. Reasons:
1. Jackson believed the executive branch to be superior to the judicial branch.
2. He condemned the bank as not only anti-Western, but
Anti-American (stockholders were foreigners)
3. succeeded in pitting West against East
4. Pitted "Native Americans" (people born here) against foreigners
5. Pitted States' righters vs. centralizers

23. Outcome
Created an election issue and a financial panic.

25. Complete Explanation: A satire on Andrew Jackson's campaign to destroy the Bank of the United States and its support among state banks. Jackson, Martin Van Buren, and Jack Downing struggle against a snake with heads representing the states. Jackson (on the left) raises a cane marked "Veto" and says, "Biddle thou Monster Avaunt!! avaount I say! or by the Great Eternal I'll cleave thee to the earth, aye thee and thy four and twenty satellites. Matty if thou art true...come on. if thou art false, may the venomous monster turn his dire fang upon thee..." Van Buren: "Well done General, Major Jack Downing, Adams, Clay, well done all. I dislike dissentions beyond every thing, for it often compels a man to play a double part, were it only for his own safety. Policy, policy is my motto, but intrigues I cannot countenance."
Downing (dropping his axe): "Now now you nasty varmint, be you imperishable? I swan Gineral that are beats all I reckon, that's the horrible wiper wot wommits wenemous heads I guess..."
The largest of the heads is president of the Bank Nicholas Biddle's, which wears a top hat labeled "Penn" (i.e. Pennsylvania) and "{dollar}35,000,000." This refers to the rechartering of the Bank by the Pennsylvania legislature in defiance of the adminstration's efforts to destroy it.

26. Election of 1832: *National nominating convention name candidates
National Rep - Henry Clay
Demo- Rep - Andrew Jackson
*Anti-Masonic Party - William Wirt
opposed secrecy of Masonic Order
opposed Jackson who was a Mason
appealed to evangelical Protestants
opposed mail service on Sunday
favored keeping Sunday "holy“
*National nominating convention name candidates
*had formal platform to publicize their positions on various issues.

27. Outcome -
Jackson won.

28. Jackson's Second Term:
1. BUS - because he didn't like it, he weakened the bank by "removing" federal deposits. Surplus funds were to be placed in state "pet banks" In reaction, Nicholas Biddle, head of the BUS recalled western loans to force Congress to reconsider the Bank's charter. This action caused a panic - "Biddle's panic"
Jackson's reaction - forced the Treasury department to issue a "specie circular" - a decree that all public lands were to be purchased with "hard" or metallic money - caused hard times for the West (where "hard" money was scarce).

29. 1835
National debt was resolved - custom duties continued to come in and thus the US finally had a surplus of money coming in.

30. Election of 1836 Whig Party Democratic Party
William Henry Harrison Martin Van Buren
"Tippecanoe" “Jackson's pick and a "yes" man“
Jackson's (+) impact

31. Tippecanoe a. supporters of the American system
b. were southern states' righters
c. were large northern industrialists
d. Evangelical Protestants of the Anti- Masonic Party
Goal: to run several "favorite sons" to distribute the vote so that no one candidate would win a majority.

32. Van Buren Jackson's (+) impact a. strong executive leader
b. led common man into national politics
c. united the common man into the Democratic party
d. proved that the common man could be trusted with the vote.
Jackson's (-) impact:
a. encouraged the spoils system
b. unsound finances – bank failures.

33. Results: Van Buren wins!

34. Van Buren's Administration:
First American-born president; above average (intelligent, educated)
Inherited problems:
"bastard politician" - got into office on the coat-tails of Jackson
victim of Jackson's enemies
Canadian/American boundary dispute that threatened war
slavery issue (Texas)
depression (panic)

35. Panic of 1837 Cause: overspeculation in "get rich schemes“
a. "land office" business with wildcat banks and shaky currency
b. canals, roads, railroads, and slaves were overspeculated
c. Specie Circular
d. poor wheat crop (prices went up and caused a riot in NYC)
e. British banks facing problems of their own call in some federal loans
f. "Pet banks" collapsed
g. commodity prices fell
h. sale of public lands dropped
i. custom duties dried up
j. factories closed their doors
k. high unemployment

36. Whigs were give the opportunity to:
expand bank credit
call for higher tariffs
pursue subsidies for internal improvements
Van Buren promoted the "Divorce Bill" - wanted government to disassociate government and banking in order to create a more stable economy
Result: failed to pass.

37. Texas
Mexican government (1823) made an agreement with Stephen F. Austin to bring 300 American families and settle in Texas but they had to:
a. be Roman Catholic
b. agree to become Mexican citizens.

38. Texas Problems occurred over:
a. slavery - prohibited under Mexican law
b. immigration - after no more Americans could come
c. denied local rights

39. Texas 1836 - American citizens declared their independence after:
a. Battle of Alamo - Mexican victory
b. Battle of Goliad - Mexican victory
c. Battle of San Jacinto - Texas victory

40. Texas Treaty: a. Mexico had to withdraw Mexican army
b. Mexico agreed to recognize the Rio Grande as the border.
Santa Anna signed the treaty but later claimed he was under duress and therefore voided the treaty.

41. US Response
a. Refused to annex Texas due to the slavery issue in too controversial
b. Texas began to talk with Britain and France to gain support and protection against Mexico.

42. Election of 1840:
Whig party :William Henry Harrison w/ John Tyler as VP
(nominated mainly because he was issueless and had no enemies)
benefited from economic distress
had no platform
appealed to the West "log cabin & hard cider" people
portrayed Harrison as a lowborn farmer (reality he was a FFV, lived modestly, and didn't like cider at all, preferred whiskey)

43. Election of 1840: Democratic Party : Van Buren
Results: Harrison by a slim margin but overwhelming electoral vote (out with the old, in with the new)

44. Two Party System Differences Democrats 1. liberty of individuals
2. favored state's rights
3. against special privileged groups
Whigs
1. renewal of bank
2. favored protective tariff
3. for internal improvements
4. for public schools
5. for prohibition
6. favored abolition of slavery