1. Cleveland CH 11: Part 1
Essential Question: What impact did Britain have in Egypt after WWI?
The Arab Struggle for Independence: Egypt from the interwar era to 1945

2. The Struggle for power in Egypt
Egypt During WWI
Political: British declared Egypt as a protectorate ending Ottoman authority in Egypt.
Only place Britain could defend its colonies.
Economy: Resources were requisitioned by the allies.
Fellahin(Egyptian Peasants) were conscripted into military service.

3. The formation of the wafd and the revolution of 1919
Wafd Party November 1918
Led by Sa‛d Zaghlul
Goal was complete independence of Egypt
Wafd whished to represent Egypt in 1919 in Paris, to gain support they traveled though rural Egypt campaigning for support.
Riots broke out when British exiled Wafd leaders until they were allowed to represent Egypt in Paris.
1922 Egypt gains independence with the exception to.
Imperial communications in Egypt/Defense of Egypt/Protection of foreign minorities/future status of Sudan.

4. Sa‘d Zaghlul King Faud http://bookilluminations.com/king_fuad.jpg

5. Egypt’s Liberal Experiment, 1924-1936
Constitution of 1923
Established a parliamentary Government with Zaghlul as prime minister.
Problems with the constitution
King was given too much power.
British interference
Wafd and other parties refused to compromise
Question of independence between the King, the Wafd and the British.
Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of Alliance 1936
Recognized Egyptian independence but still gave Britain the right to defend them and a presence in the Suez Canal

6. Egypt’s Liberal Experiment, 1924-1936
King Faruq
King Faruq 1936
Westernization of Egypt
Focus away from Islamic and Arab heritage.
Focused on Pharaonic past
Feminist movements
Education not family.

7. Egypt’s Liberal Experiment, 1924-1936
Muslim Brotherhood 1928
Reforms:
Political
Established Sharia Law
Economic
Land redistribution
Social welfare
Replaced foreign investments with local investments
Social
Combined religious and scientific studies
Free medical clinics
Kitchens to feed urban poor
Denounced treaty of 1936, wanted complete independence.

8. Egypt during WWII: Pivot of the British defense system
1939 Britain entered WWII and Egypt fulfilled its obligations by imposing martial law and breaking diplomatic relations with Germany.
Egypt whished to stay out of war
Egypt’s location made it the launching point for Britain’s Middle East military operations.
Therefore it became a focus for the Axis powers.

9. Egypt during WWII: Pivot of the British defense system
Economic
Inflation, food shortage, and increased industrial base.
Political
Coalition Cabinet ruled till 1942
1942 Great Britain influences government appointments
Social
Legal recognition of trade unions
Encouraged the formation of Arab league