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Published byDomenic Henry Modified over 6 years ago
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Innervation and Function of the Female Urinary Bladder and Urethra
Andreas Bannowsky, Klaus-Peter Juenemann EAU Update Series Volume 1, Issue 3, Pages (September 2003) DOI: /S (03)
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Fig. 1 (a) Position of M. sphincter vesicae (“Internus”, blue) and (b) M. sphincter urethrae (“externus”, green), bladder (red) and urethra (yellow). EAU Update Series 2003 1, DOI: ( /S (03) )
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Fig. 2 Urethral smooth musculature and striated external sphincter (M. sphincter urethrae). EAU Update Series 2003 1, DOI: ( /S (03) )
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Fig. 3 Parasympathetic innervation: the parasympathetic pelvic nerve (N. pelvicus) innervates the detrusor muscle and induces the micturition by release of the parasympathetic neurotransmitter acetyl choline. EAU Update Series 2003 1, DOI: ( /S (03) )
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Fig. 4 Sympathatic innervation: the sympathetic hypogastric nerve (N. hypogastricus) ensures continence. The sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine inhibits the detrusor muscle by β-receptors and leads to a tonicization of the urethra (α-receptors). EAU Update Series 2003 1, DOI: ( /S (03) )
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Fig. 5 The striated external sphincter and the pelvic floor are innervated by the somatic pudendal nerve (N. pudendus). EAU Update Series 2003 1, DOI: ( /S (03) )
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Fig. 6 Neuronal network of the pelvic nerve and the pudendal nerve on the sacral level of S2–S4 and their interaction by short inhibitory neurons. EAU Update Series 2003 1, DOI: ( /S (03) )
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Fig. 7 Central pathways of micturition. IC: inferior colliculus.
EAU Update Series 2003 1, DOI: ( /S (03) )
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Fig. 8 Central pathways of continence. IC: inferior colliculus.
EAU Update Series 2003 1, DOI: ( /S (03) )
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Fig. 9 Pressure–volume curve with filling cystometry of the urinary bladder: high compliance at the functional bladder capacity. Low terminal compliance at maximal anatomical bladder capacity. EAU Update Series 2003 1, DOI: ( /S (03) )
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Fig. 10 Micturition: synergic relaxation with decrease of the intraurethral pressure during detrusor contraction. EAU Update Series 2003 1, DOI: ( /S (03) )
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