1. Racial Segregation in South Africa
Apartheid
Racial Segregation in South Africa

2. History Before Apartheid
1,500 years ago: Bantu migration south
1600’s: 1st Europeans became known as Afrikaners, spoke Afrikaan
Colonizers: British, Dutch, French, and Germans
Black South Africans battle with whites
1800’s: White settlers forced Black Africans off the best land

3. South Africa English and Dutch colonized the area in the 17th century
1800’s: White settlers forced Black Africans off of the best land 
Battle over this land between the several countries
Fertile farmland and mineral resources
Diamonds, gold, and platinum mines
Mild climate

4. Union of Africa Under the British
Natives Act Land of 1913
Blacks could only live in 8% of the country, while the rest of belonged to whites
Blacks could work in white areas for very low wages
Blacks could not own land in white areas
1920: law passed separating black and white workers and the highest paying and best jobs went to whites

5. Apartheid: 1948
The Nationalist Party won the election and took over the country
They added new laws to existing white power, which determined where others might live, go to school, and what jobs they may hold
These laws were called Apartheid laws

6. Apartheid Definition – Separateness or a system of racial segregation
A system of legal racial segregation enforced by the Nationalist Party in South Africa from 1948 to 1994
Black South Africans were stripped of their rights and minority rule by white inhabitants was enforced

7. Laws Under Apartheid
Blacks (71% of the population) were denied citizenship and could not vote
Access to public facilities were denied or separated (libraries, restrooms, water fountains, etc.)
Whites (16%) had all rights
Mixed race (10%) some rights
Asians (3%) had few rights
Prohibition of marriage between non- whites and whites
White only jobs

8. Bantu Authorities Act
1951 – formed African reserves or homelands where blacks were separated up to three hours away
Citizens only of the homeland, not of South Africa
Must have passes to leave the homeland
They were aliens in their own country
Non-whites were required to register under the Population Registration Act and carry “pass books” containing fingerprints, photo and information for access to non-black areas

9. Differences Under Apartheid
Apartheid and the People of South Africa
Category
Blacks
Whites
Population
19 million
4.5 million
Share of National Income
13%
87%
Minimum taxable income (1976)
360 rands
$432 U.S.
750 rands
$900 U.S.
Doctors/Population
1/44,000
1/400
Infant mortality rate
20% urban
40% rural
2.7%
Annual expenditure on
education per pupil
$45
$696
Teacher/Student ratio
1/60
1/22

10. Response to Apartheid 1950’s and 60’s: peaceful protests
1953: Public Safety Act is passed to prevent protesting
African National Congress (ANC) was established, but outlawed by the government
1960: Sharpeville Massacre
69 killed and 187 wounded
1962: Nelson Mandela, former ANC member, was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment

11. Response to Apartheid
1970’s: protests grew in force and other countries joined the fight
1974: South Africa was expelled from United Nations
Economic sanctions were imposed:
Closing of multinational corporate activity in South Africa
Trade and aid restrictions
Embargo on products made in South Africa
Athletes were banned from the Olympic Games and other international sporting events for 21 years – until 1991 

12. The End of Apartheid 1990’s – Weak economy and continuing protests
President F. W. de Klerks passed legislation that tore down apartheid system
April 1994: South African Blacks were allowed to vote for first time for their new government ending Apartheid
Nelson Mandela, a black man, was elected President

13. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission
The End of Apartheid
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Created by Mandela and chaired by Archbishop Desmond Tutu.
Commission heard testimony by thousands of South Africans involved as victims or perpetrators of crimes under Apartheid.
Commission decided on amnesty for those who confessed their crimes and were truthful
Advocated reparations for victims, but have not yet been awarded by the government.

14. Over 22 Years after Apartheid
Africa still remains a divided and segregated society
Still a two nation dynamic: white and rich, black and poor
Less paying jobs as whites controlled largest businesses
Failure to invest in education, social services, infrastructure
Half of population still lives below the poverty level
Living in different neighborhoods
Massive Unemployment
Reverse Discrimination
Rising crime rates
ANC still in power
Highest rates of HIV in the world
20% of adult population is HIV-positive