1. Part 2. Imperialism in Africa

2. Northern Africa Modernization in Egypt
Defensive Modernization: “modernize or be colonized”
Mohammad Ali: Turkish general who took control of Egypt from the Turkish sultan (before the Europeans could get to it…)
Forced modernizations:
Nationalized cotton crops
Trained modern army
Europeanized cities

3. Ottoman Empire & the Suez Canal Modernization Project

4. Modernization in Egypt
Ali’s grandson Ismael took over and continued efforts
Financed Suez Canal with cotton
High Prices due to US Civil War
Overstretched his projects
Cotton crashed, defaulted on loans
French & British banks concerned about defaulted loans, forced Ismael to give up control of finances
Urabists led unsuccessful revolt, justification for direct control by British in 1892

5. Tunisia
Like Egypt, Tunisia contracted foreign debts to finance modernization projects
When debts could not be paid, the French seized the occasion to establish a protectorate in Tunisia in 1881

6. Milestones Imperialism in Africa
Before 1885, only 10% of continent controlled by Europeans
Gold Coast trade, Boers in South Africa
Italy present in Erythrea and Somalia ( ) and Libya 1912
French North Africa: France regroups Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco (1912)
France annexes Madagascar in 1896 and establishes several colonies in West Africa.
Germany settles in Togo and Cameroon 1884 and Tanganyika (modern Tanzania)

7. 1876, Leopold II of Belgium took Belgian Congo as his personal colony
80X size of Belgium
Promised to use it for research
Notorious for torture, terrorism and genocide
Remarkably lucrative, inspired other nations

8. Berlin Conference: Splitting up the Delicious Cake of Africa
King Leopold of Belgium surrounded by European rivals Fighting over the Spoils of Africa

9. Scramble for Africa:
Competition devolving into war by European nations
Berlin Conference
Meeting to divide up Africa w/o war
“Delicious cake of Africa”
Diffused crisis but rivalries continued
90% of Africa colonized by 1900 (except Ethiopia/Liberia)
Video: Crash Course
History - Imperialism

10. Before and After the Berlin conference

11. European Rivalries continue
Franco-British Rivalry
1898 tensions culminated in Fachoda, Sudan
French captain Marchand and British Kitchener
French capitulated to the British
Franco-German Rivalry
1911 France and Germany vied over Morocco
France gained domination in exchange for territory in West Africa

12. The White Man’s Burden
Social Darwinism: the natural domination of colonized races
Europeans racially superior to the people of Africa, India and Asia
Belief that Europeans have moral obligation to civilize the people of colonies as best they can
Forced assimilation, Christianity “teach” work ethic through grueling labour

13. European Missionaries in Africa

18. The White Man’s Burden
Take up the White Man's burden, Send forth the best ye breed   Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild--   Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child.
Take up the White Man's burden, In patience to abide,   To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain   To seek another's profit, And work another's gain.
Take up the White Man's burden, The savage wars of peace--   Fill full the mouth of Famine And bid the sickness cease; And when your goal is nearest The end for others sought,   Watch sloth and heathen Folly Bring all your hopes to nought.
Take up the White Man's burden, No tawdry rule of kings,   But toil of serf and sweeper, The tale of common things. The ports ye shall not enter, The roads ye shall not tread,   Go mark them with your living, And mark them with your dead.
Take up the White Man's burden And reap his old reward:   The blame of those ye better, The hate of those ye guard-- The cry of hosts ye humour (Ah, slowly!) toward the light:--   "Why brought he us from bondage, Our loved Egyptian night?"
Take up the White Man's burden, Ye dare not stoop to less--   Nor call too loud on Freedom To cloke your weariness; By all ye cry or whisper, By all ye leave or do,   The silent, sullen peoples Shall weigh your gods and you.
Take up the White Man's burden, Have done with childish days--   The lightly proferred laurel, The easy, ungrudged praise. Comes now, to search your manhood, through all the thankless years   Cold, edged with dear-bought wisdom, The judgment of your peers!
Rudyard Kipling, 1899
How does Kipling’s poem portray colonized peoples?
What is the tone of the poem?
Is Kipling praising the civilizing mission?
What benefits/ drawbacks of taking up the White Man’s burden are mentioned?

19. Great Colonial Empires in 1914
2 Great imperial powers
The United Kingdom
33 million km²
450 million inhabitants
African colonies + India, Birma, Singapor
France
10 million km²
48 million inhabitants
African colonies + New Caledonia /Indochina

20. Domination in various forms
Direct Rule
French Colonial possessions ruled by a French respresentative
Colonized people very little involved in colonial administration
French population
Minority
Holds most power

21. Algeria Settlement Colony French and Algerians unequal rights
Indigenous Code
Separate penal code for natives
Effective segregation (e.g. town planning)

22. Views on Imperialism back home
Majority of Europeans supported Imperialism
Seen as way to build strong nations at home
Flex muscle of national superiority
Some Critics voiced dissatisfaction with process
J.A. Hobson - British socialist economist
Imperialism result of unregulated capitalism
Colonies not beneficial in the long run
Diverted resources away from domestic issues

23. More Criticism of Imperialism
Anti-Imperialism Literature
Joseph Conrad – “Heart of Darkness”
Exposed torture and crimes against Africans
Edward Morel – “Black Man’s Burden”
International Socialists pinned imperialism as the final stage of capitalism
Social critics pointed to hypocrisy of expanding rights and voting at home while denying freedoms abroad

24. Native Responses to Imperialism
Violent Uprisings against colonizers
Almost always ended poorly for natives
Superior weapons and training for West
Traditionalists – rejected Western ways
Modernists – adapted to West
Most Asians and Africans eventually conformed

25. Native Responses to Imperialism
Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa (modern Tanzinia)
Reaction to German colonial policy of forcing indigenous population to grow cotton for export
German hold on territory weak so resorted to violent repression to keep control - imposed heavy taxes, used forced labor to build infrastructure

26. Herero Uprising in Namibia 1907
Racial extermination policy implemented by German colonialists in German southwest Africa (Namibia)
Death by starvation and dehydration, after uprising against German colonial rule, German counterattack driving Africans into the desert where most died of dehydration
1st genocide of the 20th century

27. Assimilated Modernists’ Reaction
Indigenous nationalism
Modern native elites educated in Europe expect treatment of liberty and equality as taught in Western education
Leopold Sedar Senghor from Senegal
Develops idea of Negritude – pride in African identity
Colonization challenged by communist propaganda
Ho Chi Minh from Indochina

28. First Cracks in the Empire
after WWI
Colonized peoples participate in war effort, expect recognition for their sacrifices
Nationalist movements gain ground
Population becomes pro-independent
Politically more structured
Most active in India, Indochina, North Africa, Syria and Lebanon

29. Video: Colonialism in 10 minutes, The Scramble for Africa

30. Homework Required reading
The World Since 1914, by Joe Scott, Part 8, “The End of Empire” (6 pages) (see blog)
Prepare case study presentations in groups: DR Congo, Kenya, Algeria & Ghana
Optional/additional reading:
The Unfinished Nation by Alan Brinkley
Chapter 20 The Imperial Republic, pp
Mastering Modern World History by Norman Lowe
Chapter 24 The End of the European Empires, pp