1. The Appendicular Skeleton
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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State Standard
13) Label on a skeleton the names of the bones for each of the following, identifying points of attachment:
a. Skull 22 bones (cranium 8, facial 14)
b. Spinal Column/Vertebra 24 with explanation of three parts of a typical vertebra (body, foramen, and processes)
c. Thoracic Cavity
d. Upper extremities: Shoulder girdle, arms, wrist, and hands including long bone processes, and three parts of each finger
e. Lower extremities: hip girdle, legs, ankles, and feet including long bone parts, and parts of toes
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Objective
Students will be able to….
Identify the bones of the upper extremities through a labeling exercise.
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

4. Appendicular Skeleton
The primary function is movement
It includes bones of the upper and lower limbs
Girdles attach the limbs to the axial skeleton
Emphasize that it is important to learn the location of each bone (and its surface features) relative to the location of other bones (and their surface features) in order to understand the three-dimensional relationship between bones.
Use of directional terms (e.g., lateral, superior, etc.) while studying will facilitate this task.
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5. Skeleton of the Upper Limbs
Each upper limb has 32 bones
Two separate regions
1. The pectoral (shoulder) girdle (2 bones) (clavicle and scapula)
2. The free part (30 bones)
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6. The Pectoral (or Shoulder) Girdle
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Upper Limb
The pectoral girdle consists of two bones, the scapula and the clavicle
The free part has 30 bones
1 humerus (arm)
1 ulna (forearm)
1 radius (forearm)
8 carpals (wrist)
19 metacarpal and phalanges (hand)
While progressing through a lecture, point out that many of the bones and their surface features (e.g., olecranon) may be easily palpated.
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8. Pectoral Girdle - Clavicle
The clavicle is “S” shaped
The medial end connects to the sternum forming the sternoclavicular joint
The lateral end articulates with the acromion forming the acromioclavicular joint
The clavicle is convex in shape near the sternum
The clavicle is concave near the shoulder
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The Clavicle Figure 8.2
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10. Clinical Connection - Fractured Clavicle
A fall on an outstretched arm (F.O.O.S.H.) injury can lead to a fractured clavicle
The clavicle is weakest at the junction of the two curves (middle of the clavicle)
Forces are generated through the upper limb to the trunk during a fall
Discussion: Applying what you just learned, where do you hypothesis most fractures to occur? Middle or edges? Why?
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11. Pectoral Girdle - Scapula
Also called the shoulder blade
Triangular in shape
Most notable features include the spine, acromion, coracoid process and the glenoid cavity
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12. Features on the Scapula
Spine - a large process on the posterior of the scapula that ends laterally forming the acromion
Acromion - the flattened lateral portion of the spine of the scapula
Coracoid process - a protruding projection on the anterior surface just inferior to the lateral aspect of the clavicle
Glenoid cavity - shallow concavity that articulates with the head of the humerus
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Scapula Figure 8.3
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Scapula Figure 8.3
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Discussion
Applying what you just learned, what happens when a person dislocates their shoulder? Which portion of the Scapula would be impacted?
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16. Skeleton of the Arm - Humerus
Longest and largest bone of the free part of the upper limb
The proximal ball-shaped end articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula
The distal end articulates at the elbow with the radius and ulna
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17. Humerus - Surface Features
The head of the humerus has two unequal-sized projections
The greater tubercle lies more laterally
The lesser tubercle lies more anteriorly
Between the tubercles lies the intertubercular groove or sulcus (bicipital groove) where the long head of the biceps brachii tendon is located
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19. Humerus - Surface Features
Just distal to the head is the anatomical neck
The surgical neck is where the tubular shaft begins and is a common area of fracture
Discussion: Applying what you know about the make up of long bone, why would the surgical neck be a sight of fracture?

20. Skeleton of the Forearm - Ulna
The longer of the two forearm bones
Olecranon - the large, prominent proximal end, the “tip of your elbow”
Trochlear notch - the deep groove that receives the trochlea of the humerus during elbow flexion
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21. Discussion: If you were to break your elbow, which portion of the Ulna would you have fractured?

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Radius
Bone on the thumb side of the forearm
The shaft of these bones are connected by an interosseous ligament
Discussion: Hypothesize what would happen without the interosseous ligament.
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Skeleton of the Hand
The carpus (wrist) consists of 8 small bones (carpals)
Two rows of carpal bones
Proximal row - scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
Distal row - trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Scaphoid - most commonly fractured
Carpal tunnel - space between carpal bones and flexor retinaculum
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Carpals
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25. Metacarpals and Phalanges
Five metacarpals - numbered I-V, lateral to medial
14 phalanges - two in the thumb (pollex) and three in each of the other fingers
Discussion: Looking at your own hand, how could you easily remember that the thumb is made up of 2 Phalanges bone and the fingers are made of 3?
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27. Activity
In your skeleton groups, work to label the bones of the upper extremities. Make sure to label the following:
Clavicle (sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint)
Scapula (acromion, glenoid cavity)
Humerus
Ulna (olecranon)
Radius
8 carpal bones
5 metacarpals
Phalanges
Once finished complete the wingspan activity on the class website with a partner. Answer the questions individually

28. Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of the Lower Extremities
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

29. State Standard
13) Label on a skeleton the names of the bones for each of the following, identifying points of attachment:
a. Skull 22 bones (cranium 8, facial 14)
b. Spinal Column/Vertebra 24 with explanation of three parts of a typical vertebra (body, foramen, and processes)
c. Thoracic Cavity
d. Upper extremities: Shoulder girdle, arms, wrist, and hands including long bone processes, and three parts of each finger
e. Lower extremities: hip girdle, legs, ankles, and feet including long bone parts, and parts of toes

30. Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Objective
Students will be able to…
Identify the bones of the lower extremities through a labeling exercise.
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

31. Skeleton of the Lower Limb
Two separate regions
1. A single pelvic girdle (2 bones)
2. The free part (30 bones)
Discussion:
Hypothesis why are the lower limb bones are larger and stronger that the upper limb bones?
Point out that the lower limb bones are larger and stronger than the upper limb bones due to the need to support the weight of the body
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Pelvic (Hip) Girdle
2 sides of the pelvis
Each hip (pelvis) bone consists of three bones that fuse together: ilium, pubis, and ischium
The two hip bones are joined anteriorly by the pubic symphysis (fibrocartilage)
Joined posteriorly by the sacrum (base of the spine) forming the sacroiliac joints
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The Ilium
Largest of the three hip bones
Ilium is the superior part of the hip bone
Superior border - iliac crest
Greater sciatic notch - allows passage of sciatic nerve
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Ischium and Pubis
Ischium - inferior and posterior part of the hip bone
Most prominent feature is the ischial tuberosity, it is the part that meets the chair when you are sitting
Pubis - inferior and anterior part of the hip bone
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False and True Pelves
Pelvic brim - a line from the sacral promontory to the upper part of the pubic symphysis
False pelvis - lies above this line
Contains no pelvic organs except urinary bladder (when full) and uterus during pregnancy
True pelvis - the bony pelvis inferior to the pelvic brim, has an inlet, an outlet and a cavity
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True vs. False Pelvis
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38. Comparing Male and Female Pelves
Males - bone are larger and heavier
Pelvic inlet is smaller and heart shaped
Pubic arch is less than 90°
Female - wider and shallower
Pubic arch is greater than 90°
More space in the true pelvis
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39. Comparing Male and Female
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Discussion
Applying what you learned about the differences between the pelvis of a male and female, why do we have these differences?
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Femur
Femur - longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body
The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone forming the hip joint
Neck of the femur common site of fracture
Distally, the medial and lateral condyles articulate with the condyles of the tibia forming the knee joint
Also articulates with patella
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Parts of the femur
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Patella
Largest sesamoid bone in the body
Forms the patellofemoral joint with the femur
Thick articular cartilage lines the posterior surface that touches the femur, tibia, and fibula
It protects your knee and connects the muscles in the front of your thigh to your tibia. 
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Patella Cartillage
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Discussion
What might happen to the knee joint without a patella?
Would the patella need to be replaced with a metal alternative when they do a knee replacement?
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Tibia (shin bone)
The larger, medial weight-bearing bone of the leg
The lateral and medial condyles at the proximal end articulate with the femur
Tibial tuberosity - attachment site for the patellar ligament (connecting patella to the tibia)
Medial malleolus - medial surface of distal end (inside surface of ankle joint)
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48. Tibia (Top Bone)

49. Fibula The smaller, laterally placed bone of the leg
Non-weight bearing
The head forms the proximal tibiofibular joint
Lateral malleolus (outer edge of the ankle) - distal end, articulates with the tibia and the talus at the ankle .

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Discussion
If the fibula is non-weight bearing, why do we have it? What does it do for the tibia?
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51. Skeleton of the Foot - Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges
Seven tarsal bones - talus (articulates with tibia and fibula), calcaneus (the heel bone, the largest and strongest), navicular, cuboid and three cuneiforms
Five metatarsals - (I-V) base, shaft, head
14 phalanges (big toe is the hallux)
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52. Tarsal Bones .

53. Metatarsals and Phalanges
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Arches of the Foot
Two arches support the weight of the body
Provide spring and leverage to the foot when walking
The arches flex when body weight applied
Flatfoot - the arches decrease or “fall”
Clawfoot - too much arch occurs
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55. Arches of the foot - Figure 8.17
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56. Activity
In your skeleton groups, work to label the bones of the lower skeleton. Include the following:
Pelvis (illium, pubis, ischium, pubic symphysis)
True and False Pelvis
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
7 Tarsal Bones
5 metatarsals
Phalanges
With a partner complete the bone length and height activity Station 4 on the class website. Do the Station 4 analysis questions and review questions individually.