1. Apartheid in Education
By: Angel Arroyo, Desarai Chairez, Gjermayne Wilson

2. Segregation
the action or state of setting someone or something apart from other people or things or being set apart

4. The effects of segregation, in schools, for White Children
MS state government spent $ per year on students
Taught in well built classrooms
Had all the resources needed and necessary
Teachers well educated
Had high schools
To be further educated to vote

5. Cont. for Black Students
MS State Gov. spent $5.94 per year on each student
Taught in log cabins, churches, or stores because their school buildings were so run down
Few resources
Books worn down, missing important information, teachers not very educated as well
No high schools for blacks

6. Brown v Board of Education
In 1954, The Supreme Court made a decision that overturned the Plessy vs. Ferguson decision (1896); led by Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Court ruled that "separate but equal" schools for blacks were inherently unequal and thus unconstitutional. The decision energized the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s.

7. How did it happen?
Thurgood Marshall fought for the Civil rights of seven year old
Linda Brown and other cases against segregation.
He argued against the doctrine "separate but equal" and fought for equality among all as there were psychological and social damages done to these children.
Marshall traveled to little rock school in Kansas (Topeka) and with the help of the NAACP.
The 14th amendment was central to the plaintiff's arguments as the idea of being equally protected under the was being violated with segregation.
The result was that The supreme court unanimously ruled that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional.

8. Brown v Board of Education part 2 (1955)
After its decision in Brown (1) which declared racial discrimination in public
education unconstitutional, the Court convened to issue the directives which
would help to implement its newly announced Constitutional principle.
Given the embedded nature of racial discrimination in public schools and the
diverse circumstances under which it had been practiced, the Court
requested further argument on the issue of relief.
The Court held that the problems identified in Brown I required varied local solutions. Chief Justice Warren conferred much responsibility on local school authorities and the courts which originally heard school segregation cases. They were to implement the principles which the Supreme Court embraced in its first Brown decision. Warren urged localities to act on the new principles promptly and to move toward full compliance with them "with all deliberate speed."

9. Significance of Brown v Board of Education
The significance of this case is that
schools in the south now had to be
desegregated and mixed classes
could theoretically reduced racial
tensions as people mix and each
other on an equal footing.
It showed the Supreme Court could
now be used as a tool of striking down
racial laws.
The scale of the judgement 9-0 sent a clear message that racism was unacceptable in American society.

10. Little Rock Little Rock Central High School, Arkansas (1957)
White public school, during segregation
Governor of Arkansas, Orval Faubus

11. Little Rock Nine Melba Pattillo Beals. Minnijean Brown.
Elizabeth Eckford.
Ernest Green.
Gloria Ray Karlmark.
Carlotta Walls LaNier.
Thelma Mothershed.
Terrence Roberts.

12. Protests
Federal District Judge Ronald Davies ordered integrated classes to begin on September 4
Governor Orval Faubus, ordered National Guard, defies Federal Judge Davies ↓

13. State vs. Federal Government
14th Amendment - No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Supremacy Clause Article 6 - This Constitution, and the laws of the United States... shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any thing in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.
Brown v. Board of Education - Desegregation of public schools

14. Analysis President Eisenhower took too long to respond
Did not want to lose the white vote, since blacks couldn’t vote
Forced to go into action - Defend the Constitution
Federal Law overrides State Law
September 4 - September 25, 1957
60 years later….