1. Joints

2. Classification Synarthrotic: immovable – cranium
Amphiarthrotic: limited movement i.e. pubic symphysis, vertebral joints, sacroiliac joint
Diarthrotic: freely movable
Gliding: bones of the wrist
Pivot: between radius and ulna
Ball and socket: hip
Hinge: elbow
Classified according to movement

3. Immovable Joints Synarthrosis

4. Slightly Movable Joint Ampharthrosis4

5. Freely Movable Diarthrosis

6. Synovial Joint Movement
Extension
Rotation
Flexion
Adduction
Abduction 6

7. Joint is a point of connection between two bones
Strands of connective tissue, ligaments, hold the bones together and ensure the stability of joints

8. Joint Classification
Joints are further classified by the material that joints them:
Fibrous joint
Allow no movement
E.g. sutures of the scull
Cartilaginous joints
Allow limited movement
E.g. intervertebral discs
Synovial joints
Allow large range of movements
E.g. hip joint

9. Types of Synovial Joints
There are three basic types of synovial joints:
unilateral (rotation only about one axis)
biaxial joints (movement about two perpendicular axes)
multiaxial joints (movement about all three perpendicular axes)

10. Types of Synovial Joints Cont’d
Synovial are further classified into:
1. Hinge Joint
2. Pivot Joint
3. Condyloid Joint
4. Saddle-shaped joint
5. Ball and Socket Joint
6. Plane Joint

11. 1. Hinge Joint
Uniaxial
Has one articulating surface that is convex, and another that is concave
E.g. humero-ulnar elbow joint, interphalangeal joint

12. Pivot Joint
Uniaxial
E.g. head of radius rotating against ulna

13. Condyloid (Knuckle) Joint
Biaxial (flexion-extension, abduction- adduction)
The joint surfaces are usually oval
One joint surface is an ovular convex shape, and the other is a reciprocally shaped concave surface
E.g. metacarpophalangeal joint

14. Saddle Joint Biaxial (flexion-extension, abduction- adduction)
The bones set together as in sitting on a horse
E.g. carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

15. Ball and Socket Joint Multiaxial (rotation in all planes)
A rounded bone is fitted into a cup=like receptacle
E.g. shoulder and hip joints

16. Plane (Gliding) Joint Uniaxial (permits gliding movements)
The bone surfaces involved are nearly flat
E.g. intercarpal joints and acromioclavicular joint of the vertebrae