1. Introduction to Anatomy
Chap 3

2. Anatomical Terminology
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Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out
Integumentary system

3. Body Sections or Planes (3)
Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions
Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right portions
Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and inferior portions
Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior portions

5. Skin Outermost surface of the body First line of defense against:
Insects
Air
Dirt
Bacteria
Direct blows
Keeps bodily fluids in, picks up sensations, and secretes an oily substance.

6. Skin Skin is made of several layers:
Epidermis – thin, most superficial layer
Dermis – thicker layer under epidermis
Hypodermis- holds the skin to underlying bone and muscle tissue

7. Bones Three primary functions:
Protect vital organs and structures from trauma.
Stiff structures that are acted on by muscles to create movement
Produce blood cells and store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.

8. Bones There are 206 bones in the human body.
The skeleton has 2 catagories:
Axial skeleton: bones of the spine, thorax, and skull
Appendicular skeleton: bones of the extremeties.
At the end of each long bone is the area where growth takes place; this area is called an epiphysis, or growth plate.
Growth plates are vulnerable to injury and a bone will often fracture at this site.

9. Cartilage
Covers the ends of long bones and can be found between bones.
Functions of cartilage include:
Join structures (ribs and sternum)
Absorb shock
Permit smooth bone movement

10. Muscles, Tendons, and Ligaments
Muscle contractions:
Allow body to accelerate and decelerate
Stop movement
Maintain normal postural alignment
Produce heat
Tendons attach muscle to bone and transmit the force that a muscle exerts.
Ligaments connect bones and help to form joints.

11. Classification of Joints
Diarthrodial joints (synovial)- have fantastic mobility and are divided into hinge joints and multiaxial joints.
Hinge joints- move back and forth like a hinge on a door (ex. Knee and elbow)
Multiaxial joints- can be moved in multiple directions (ex. Hip and shoulder)
Amphiarthrodial joints- have cartilage attaching two bones together. (ex. Where ribs join the sternum)
Synarthrodial joints- held together by tough connective tissue and are basically immovable. (ex. Bones of the skull and the tibia and fibula in the lower leg)

12. Table 1.1

13. Table 1.1

14. Table 1.1