1. Weeks 4 and 5
The Skeletal System SB

2. Objective 1: Bone Classification
Classification by shape: Long bones are longer than they are wide
phalanges
metacarpals
humerus

3. Short bones are roughly cubical
carpals
Sesamoid bones are a type of short bone that form in tendons
patella

4. Flat bones are thin with parallel surfaces and usually a little curved
parietal bone
sternum
rib

5. Irregular bones do not fit into the other categories
vertebra/vertebrae
pelvic bone

6. Projections that help form joints:
Objective 2: Bone Markings
Bone markings are bumps, projections, openings and ridges on the surfaces of bones. They function as passageways for nerves and blood vessels, as points of muscle and ligament attachment, and as joint surfaces.
Projections that help form joints:
Head: a bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Facet: smooth, nearly flat articular surface

7. Projections that help form joints
Condyle: rounded articular projection
Ramus: armlike projection of bone

8. Projections that serve as sites for muscle and ligament attachment
Crest: a narrow prominent ridge of bone
Sacrum
Line: Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

9. Projections that serve as sites for muscle and ligament attachment
Spine: sharp, slender, pointed projection
Process: prominence or projection

10. Projections for muscle and ligament attachment
Trochanter: very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
Tuberosity: large, rounded projection which may be roughened
Femur
Fibula and Tibia

11. Projections for muscle and ligament attachment
Tubercle: small, rounded projection or process
Epicondyle: raised area on or above a condyle
Humerus

12. Depressions and openings to allow passage of nerves and vessels
Meatus: canal-like passageway
Foramen: rounded or oval opening through a bone

13. Depressions and openings to allow passage of nerves and vessels
Foramen: rounded or oval opening through a bone
Meatus: canal-like passageway

14. Depressions and openings
Fissure: narrow, slit-like opening
Sinus: cavity within a bone filled with air
Ethmoid bone

15. Depressions and openings
Groove: furrow
Fossa: shallow, basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
Humerus

16. Objective 3: Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone

17. Objective 4: Chemical Composition of Bone
Bone matrix has two components:
Organic ground substance (osteoid) which consists of soluble proteins and collagen fibers (1/3 of matrix)
osteoid gives bone its tensile strength (flexibility)
in lab you will observe bone treated with heat to denature proteins
What effect do you think heating bone will have?
Inorganic materials (hydroxyapatite) which consist of a variety of mineral salts, primarily calcium and phosphorus (2/3 of matrix)
hydroxyapatite gives bone its compressional strength (hardness)
in lab you will observe bone that has been treated with acid to remove minerals
What effect do you think treating bone with acid will have?

18. Objective 5: Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone

19. Human bone is primarily arranged in a ringed pattern and is called lamellar bone:

20. Osteon (Haversian System)
The structural unit of compact bone
Central (Haversian) canal

21. Interstitial lamella/lamellae
concentric lamella

22. Mature bone cells are called osteocytes
They are embedded in spaces called lacuna/lacunae

23. Canaliculi
Lacuna (containing an osteocyte)

24. Perforating (Volkman’s) canal
Haversian canal
Perforating (Volkman’s) canal