1. Introduction to Research Process
Prepared by: Prof. Dr Bahaman Abu Samah Department of Professional Development and Continuing Education Faculty of Educational Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang

2. The Research Process Prior Research Problem Statement Research Design/
Methodology
Need to Know
Curiosity
Population and Sample
Source of Research Ideas
Instrumentation
Data Collection
Data Analysis/ Reporting
The Research Process
Findings, Conclusions, Recommendation and Implications
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3. Research Design
Research design refers to the set of methods and procedures used in collecting and analyzing data as specified in the research problem and objectives
The design of a study defines the study type such as:
Descriptive
Correlational
Group Comparison 1 2 3
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4. Research Design Research Design Correlational Descriptive
Group Comparison
Obser-vational
Survey
Ex Post Factor
Quasi-Expern’t
True Expern’t
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5. Population and Sample
Population is to whom you wish to project or generalize your findings
Sample is a sub-set of the population; the subject you actually observe, interview or send questionnaire
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6. Types of Samples
1. Probability samples  Simple random samples  Stratified random samples  Systematic samples  Cluster samples
2. Non-probability samples  Convenient samples  Purposive samples
Generate Random Numbers
Research Randomizer
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7. Sample Size
Krejcie and Morgan Table
GPower
Raosoft
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8. Instrumentation
Instrumentation is the tool employed to obtain information from sample to answer research problem
Example: – Mail questionnaire – Surveys with open-ended, fill-in-the-blank items – Questions in a telephone interview – Open-ended questions in a focus group interview
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9. Model of Instrument Development
Azimi Hamzah (2006). Muslim Religiosity and Personality Indexing. Adapted from Model of Instrument Development (Brown, 1983)
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10. Fasa Pembangunan Instrumen

11. Data Data is a collection of facts, such as Numbers Words Measurements
observations or
even just descriptions of things
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12. Data Set Data from the QWL study
Each row represents a case or observation
Each column represents a variable
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13. Sources of Data 1. Experiments 2. Telephone survey
3. Mail questionnaires
4. Online questionnaires
5. Direct observation
6. Personal interviews
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