1. Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings
Ears, Nose, Throat, Eyes and Vision
Lecture b – Eyes and Vision
Welcome to Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings, Ears, Nose Throat, Eyes and Vision. This is lecture B, eyes and vision. A medical doctor who specializes in eyes and vision is an ophthalmologist (oph-thuh-mologist). An optometrist also treats eye problems.
This material Comp3_Unit8 was developed by The University of Alabama Birmingham, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number 1U24OC000023

2. Eyes and Vision Learning Objectives
Define, understand and correctly pronounce medical terms related to the Ears, Nose and Throat and Eyes and Vision
Describe common diseases and conditions with an overview of various treatments related to the Ears, Nose and Throat and Eyes and Vision
The objectives for this unit, Ears, Nose, Throat, Eyes and Vision are to:
Define, understand and correctly pronounce medical terms related to the Ears, Nose and Throat and Eyes and Vision.
Describe common diseases and conditions with an overview of various treatments related to the Ears, Nose and Throat and Eyes and Vision.

3. Anatomy of the Eye Sclera Tough white outer covering of the eyeball
Cornea
Clear and has a curved surface that allows light to enter the eye
Iris
Colored part of the eye
Shrinks and expands so the pupil can adjust to the incoming light
Here is a brief overview of the anatomy of the eye.
The sclera is the tough white outer covering of the eyeball.
The cornea is clear and has a curved surface that allows light to enter the eye.
The iris is the colored part of the eye that shrinks and expands so the pupil can adjust to the incoming light.

4. Anatomy of the Eye 2 Lens Clear part of the eye behind iris
Helps to focus light onto retina
Retina
Light sensitive receptor cells carry images to brain through optic nerve
Optic Nerve
Bundle of more than one million nerve fibers that carries visual messages from retina to brain
The lens is the clear part of the eye behind the iris. It helps to focus the light onto the retina (pronounced rett-in-uh).
The retina contains the light-sensitive receptor cells that carry images to the brain through the optic nerve.
The optic nerve is a bundle of more than one million nerve fibers that carry visual messages from the retina to the brain.

5. Cataract Definition Clouding of the lens Symptoms Blurry vision
Colors seem faded
Difficulty seeing at night
Glare
Treatment
Surgery
There are numerous disorders and diseases of the eye. Perhaps the most common is a cataract. A cataract is a clouding of the lens in your eye that affects your vision. Cataracts are very common in older people. Common symptoms are blurry vision, colors that seem faded, glare, not being able to see well at night, double vision and needing frequent prescription changes in your eye wear. Treatments include new glasses, brighter lighting, magnifying lenses as well as surgery. In cataract surgery, the cloudy lens is removed and replaced with an artificial lens.

6. Color Blindness Three types Red-green color vision defects
Blue-yellow color vision defects
Absence of color vision
Color blindness is another eye disorder. There are three main kinds of color vision defects. Red-green color vision defects are the most common. This type occurs in men more than in women. The other major types are blue-yellow color vision defects, and a complete absence of color vision. Most color blindness is genetic and there is no treatment.

7. Diabetic Retinopathy Definition Damage to blood vessels inside retina
Symptoms
Blurry or double vision
Halos or rings
Flashing lights or blank spots
Pain
Treatment
Surgery
Diabetic retinopathy (pronounced rett-in-OPP-uh-thee (like theory) occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels inside your retina. Symptoms include blurry or double vision, rings, flashing lights or blank spots, dark or floating spots, pain or pressure in one or both eyes and problems with peripheral vision.
Treatment often includes laser treatment or surgery.

8. Glaucoma Definition Fluid pressure damages optic nerve Risk factors
Family history
Age and race
Symptoms
Loss of peripheral vision
Treatment
Eye drops
Surgery
Glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness in the US. It usually occurs when the fluid pressure inside the eyes slowly rises, damaging the optic nerve. Often there are no symptoms at first, but a comprehensive eye exam can detect it.
People at risk include African Americans over age 40, other people over age 60 (especially Mexican Americans), and people with a family history of glaucoma.
Treatment for glaucoma includes prescription eye drops and/or surgery.

9. Eye Infections Conjunctivitis Sty
Your eyes can also get infections from bacteria, fungi (pronounced fun-gi (like giant) or viruses. Eye infections can occur in different parts of the eye and can affect just one eye or both. Two common infections are conjunctivitis ( pronounced con-junk-tiv-eye-tiss) and styes (rhymes with ties)
Conjunctivitis is also know as pink eye. The causes of conjunctivitis include bacterial or viral infection, allergies, and substances that cause irritation such as contact lens products, or eye drops.
A sty is a bump on the eyelid that happens when bacteria from your skin gets into the hair follicle of an eyelash.
Symptoms of eye infections may include redness, itching, swelling, discharge, pain, or problems with vision. Treatment depends on the cause of the infection and may include compresses, eye drops, creams or antibiotics.

10. Macular Degeneration Definition Cell death in macula Symptoms
Loss of sharp, central vision
Treatment
Laser treatment
Macular (pronounced mack-you-ler) degeneration, or age-related macular degeneration abbrevuated AMD (pronounced A-M-D) is a leading cause of vision loss in Americans aged sixty and older. This disease causes the destruction of your sharp, central vision. Without central vision you cannot see objects clearly and cannot read or drive.
Macular degeneration is a progressive disease that does not hurt, but it causes cells in the macula to die. In some cases, the disease advances so slowly that people do not notice a change in their vision.
There are two types of macular degeneration. The dry form causes the slow gradual deterioration of the macula cells and there is no known cure for this type.
The second type, referred to as the wet type, can be often treated with laser therapy in the early stages. Treatment can slow vision loss but it cannot restore lost vision.
Regular comprehensive eye exams can detect AMD before vision loss occurs.

11. Refractive Errors Myopia Hyperopia Presbyopia Astigmatism
Farsightedness and nearsightedness are both considered refractive errors. Remember that your cornea is the clear front part of your eye. It is like a window that controls and focuses the light coming into the eye. If your cornea has an irregular shape, the light does not focus properly. Things looks blurry. This causes what is known as a refractive error.
Myopia (pronounced my-ope-ee-uh), or nearsightedness, occurs when your vision is clear up close but blurry in the distance.
Hyperopia, or farsightedness, is when you have clear vision in the distance but blurry close up.
Presbyopia (pronounced press-by-ope-ee-uh) is the inability to focus close up as a result of aging.
And astigmatism is when you have focus problems caused by the cornea.
Treatment for refractive errors includes glasses or contact lenses. Laser eye surgery may also be a possibility.

12. Eye Disorders and Diseases
Eye Cancers
Locations
Outer parts
Intraocular – most common types
Retinoblastoma in children
Treatment
Varies by type of cancer and stage
Surgery, radiation therapy, freezing or heat therapy or laser therapy
Cancer of the eye is uncommon. It can affect the outer parts of the eye, such as the eyelids, which are made up of muscles, skin and nerves. If, on the other hand, the cancer starts inside the eyeball it’s called intraocular (pronounced intra-OCC-you-ler) cancer. The most common intraocular cancers in adults are melanoma and lymphoma.
The most common eye cancer in children is retinoblastoma (pronounced rett-in-oh-blast-tome-uh) which starts in the cells of the retina.
Cancer can also spread to the eye from other parts of the body.
Treatment for eye cancer varies by the type and by how advanced it is. It may include surgery, radiation therapy, freezing or heat therapy, or laser therapy.

13. Ears and Eyes Combining Forms
Word Part
Meaning
Key Term
blephar/o
eyelid
blepharoplasty
choroid/o
choroid
choroiditis
conjunctiv/o
conjunctiva
conjunctivitis
ocul/o
eye
ocular
ophthalm/o
ophthalmologist
retin/o
retina
retinopathy
Here are some key word parts for the related to eyes and vision along with their meanings. In the third column you can see some of the medical terms that we can create by combining word parts.
You should return to the online medical dictionary to hear the pronunciation and become familiar with the meaning of the created terms.

14. Tell me, Detective
A 65-year-old female patient returns to her ophthalmologist for an annual checkup. She reports that lately she cannot see objects clearly enough to read or drive, but she can still take her daily walks and participate in her activities by using her side vision. What diagnosis should her physician consider?
Now let’s have some fun playing detective. A 65-year-old female patient returns to her ophthalmologist for an annual checkup. She reports that lately she cannot see objects clearly enough to read or drive, but she can still take her daily walks and participate in her activities by using her side vision. What diagnosis should her physician consider?
Did you guess macular degeneration?
Macular degeneration, or age-related macular degeneration is a leading cause of vision loss in adult patients 60 and older. This disease causes the destruction of your sharp, central vision. Without central vision you cannot see objects clearly and cannot read or drive.
Macular degeneration is a progressive disease that does not hurt, but it causes cells in the macula to die. In some cases, the disease advances so slowly that people do not notice a change in their vision.
There are two types of macular degeneration. The dry form causes the slow gradual deterioration of the macula cells and there is no known cure for this type.
The second type, referred to as the wet type, can be often treated with laser therapy in the early stages. Treatment can slow vision loss but it cannot restore lost vision.
Regular comprehensive eye exams can detect AMD before vision loss occurs.

15. Ears, Nose, Throat, Eyes and Vision Summary
Define, understand and correctly pronounce medical terms related to the Ears, Nose and Throat.
Describe common diseases and conditions, with an overview of various treatments related to the Ears, Nose and Throat.
This concludes Ears, Nose, Throat, Eyes and Vision.
In summary, you should be able to define, understand and correctly pronounce medical terms related to the Ears, Nose and Throat, Eyes and Vision. In addition you should be able to describe common diseases and conditions, with an overview of various treatments related to the Ears, Nose, Throat, Eyes and Vision.

16. Ears, Nose, Throat, Eyes and Vision References – Lecture b
Images
Slides 3, 4: Available From:
Slide 14: Microsoft Clip Art. Used with permission of Microsoft.
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17. Terminology in Health Care and Public Health Settings, Ears, Nose, Throat, Eyes and Vision lecture b
This material was developed by the University of Alabama at Birmingham, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number 90WT0007.
No Audio.
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