1. Spain vs. Portugal Treaty of Tordesillas – Line of Demarcation
gave Spain the Americas.
gave Portugal Brazil.
Other European countries did not follow the treaty.

2. Spanish Conquistadors
Ponce de Leon – explored Puerto Rico.
1513 – fountain of youth.

3. Cortes and the Aztec 1519 – Mexico
Spanish conquered Montezuma and the Aztecs by:
1. disease
2. technology
3. alliances
4. religious beliefs of Aztecs.

4. Tales of Seven Golden Cities
Cortes success led to other Spanish conquests.
Spanish would search the southwest of America.
1542: Hernando de Soto – TN, SC, NC, crossed the Miss. River to Ark.
Coronado – AZ, NM, TX, OK, KA
Cabrillo – coast of California.

5. Spain builds an empire Colonial governments
- viceroyalty – province ruled by a representative of the monarch.
Social Structure
- Peninsular – came from Spain, thought superior to:
- Creoles – Spanish born in America
- Mestizos – Spanish/N.A.
- Spanish/African, N.A.’s, and Africans
Missionaries
Convert natives to Christianity
Teach farming techniques, herding, and crafts
Natives would resist the missionaries – mission system failed.

6. Land and Labor Encomienda System – King would give landowners grants.
Landowners would convert N.A. to Christianity and farm the land.
N.A. slavery failed:
1. disease
2. runaway
3. ill treatment
Spanish turned to African labor:
1. isolated
2. knew how to survive in the climate
3. large numbers

7. Other Nations Explore England – John Cabot: New Foundland
- looking for Northwest Passage
1577 – Sir Francis Drake – sailed the world to disrupt Spanish trade.
Caused war: Spanish Armada (1588)
England won:
1. better boats
2. weather
England became the world power.

8. New France 1524 – Verrazano – NC to Maine
Jacques Cartier – St. Lawrence River and claimed Quebec.
Also claimed Montreal
France utilized the resources of Canada
1. fur
2. fish
Champlain – French first settlement: Quebec – fur trading post.
La Salle – Great Lake Region to Louisiana

9. New Netherland Merchant fleet that traded in Africa and Asia
1609 – Henry Hudson – looking for the Northwest Passage.
Explored the Hudson River.