1. NATIONALISM
The Unifications of
GERMANY
and
ITALY

2. What is NATIONALISM?
Nationalism is loyalty and devotion to a nation of people
It is a sense of national identity exalting one nation above all others
It can be defined as pride in one’s nation, and it can also be defined as the desire of an ethnic group to have its own country

3. WHAT FORMS A NATION?
THESE SIX THINGS ARE WHAT GIVE A GROUP OF PEOPLE IDENTITY AS A NATION-STATE

7. ITALY and GERMANY: TWO DIVIDED NATIONS
While nations like Spain, Russia, France, and England were UNITED under a single government, the German and Italian people were DIVIDED into numerous small states (Germanic people were found in numerous small states like Prussia, Bavaria, and Hanover)
GERMAN STATES
ITALIAN STATES

8. “Italy” in 1815 was not a unified nation; it was divided into three regions
Parts were controlled by Austria and France
Parts were independent and had their own kings
Parts were controlled by the Pope

9. In the 1830s, nationalism led to a unification movement as Italians began to see themselves as having a shared history (ancient Rome, Renaissance), shared territory, shared enemies (Napoleonic Wars)

10. Mazzini was overthrown and seen as TOO radical and extreme
GIUSEPPE MAZZINI
Mazzini was a radical who established the nationalist group Young Italy in 1831 with the goal of unifying Italy
He led a revolution in 1848, which led to a brief Italian republic (but Italy was not totally unified)
Mazzini was overthrown and seen as TOO radical and extreme

11. COUNT CAMILLO DI CAVOUR
In 1849, the king of Sardinia named Cavour his Prime Minister
Cavour wanted to make Sardinia very powerful by increasing industry and reducing the Pope’s influence

12. COUNT CAMILLO DI CAVOUR
He wanted to unify all Italian states, but ONLY if Sardinia led the unification movement

13. Cavour fought wars locally and against Austria (who had claimed parts of Italy) to unite the Northern Italian states under the kingdom of Sardinia

14. GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI
Meanwhile, radical nationalists prepared for a revolution in Southern Italy in an effort to unite the southern states

15. GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI
Giuseppe Garibaldi was a nationalist who had joined Mazzini’s “Young Italy” and helped in the Latin American independence movements

16. GARIBALDI: AN ITALIAN HERO “Let him who loves his country… follow me.”
Garibaldi, who always wore a red shirt in battle, named his forces the “Redshirts”
He wanted a unified Italy under a republic style of government

17. ITALY IS UNIFIED
Garibaldi successfully led the unification of Southern Italy, while Cavour saw to the unification of Northern Italy; now the goal was to link the two parts together

18. Cavour was unhappy with Garibaldi possibly replacing him as the “unifier of Italy”
Cavour does not want a republic; he wants Sardinia’s king in charge of a united Italy

19. Cavour, an experienced politician, convinced the patriotic Garibaldi to give up his southern conquests to Sardinia’s king in the interest of the common good
By 1871, Italy’s Northern and Southern halves are unified and a new country under a constitutional monarchy emerges: ITALY

21. What are you doing today? Important Dates/Homework:
Goals for the Day:
What are you doing today?
We are doing a bit of group work and learning about the Unification of Germany 
Important Dates/Homework:
Complete the German Unification questions for homework – Due: 11/14/2016
42c - identify the major ideas of the Enlightenment from the writings of Locke, Voltaire and Rousseau and their relationship to politics and society
43a - identify the causes and results of the revolutions in England (1689), United States (1776), France (1789), Haiti (1791), and Latin America ( )
43b - explain Napoleon's rise to power, defeat, and consequences for Europe
What is the Enlightenment? (HA! book 35.2)
Connect to Sci Rev, Renaissance, Prot Ref
Conflict with old ideas, esp. kings & church
Enlightenment Thinkers
Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire, (Beccaria??) Use ISN pg (notes then questions to answer??)
Matching Enlightenment thinkers w/ quotes (HA! 35 activity pg )
Impact of Enlightenment (HA! book )
Enlightened Despots, women, music, economics, foreshadow political revolutions
Activity

22. GERMANY
Germany was the last European country to unify all of its parts into a single nation
There had been attempts to unify in the past centuries, but they met with failure

23. GERMANY
At one point, Germany had been divided into nearly 200 independent states (all run by various kings and princes who had their little pieces of territory)
At the time of the Congress of Vienna, 39 Germanic states were loosely associated (called the German Confederation)

24. Prussia was the most powerful and influential of the 39 German states
Austria was the only other German-speaking nation that rivaled Prussia’s power

25. PRUSSIA Prussia had a great deal of military and industrial power
Prussia badly wanted to unify the 39 states into a new nation, Germany

26. “Prussia was not a country with an army, but an army with a country.”

27. Otto von Bismarck was the Prime Minister of Prussia in the 1860s
Bismarck’s goal was the unification of the German states under the leadership of Prussia
He led a conservative political party called the Junkers (wealthy landowners)

28. OTTO VON BISMARCK
Otto was an advocate of realpolitik: “politics of reality” where there is no room for idealism
Bismarck was ruthless and saw using force, threats, and deceit as ways to achieve Prussia’s political goals

29. In 1862, Bismarck makes his intentions known:
“BLOOD AND IRON”
In 1862, Bismarck makes his intentions known:
“Germany will not be united through speeches and diplomacy, but through blood and iron.”

30. “BLOOD AND IRON”
The “blood” Bismarck was speaking of referred to people of German blood uniting together and the “iron” referred to the power of Prussia’s industry and military

31. To unite the German states, Bismarck started wars with Denmark, Austria, and France

32. The Franco-Prussian War against France convinces the Catholics in southern Germany that unification with Prussia was better than unification with France
Seven Weeks War against Austria led to the North German Confederation (a united northern Germany under Prussia’s control)

33. PRUSSIA IS VICTORIOUS

34. GERMANY IS UNITED
By rallying the German people together in these wars, Prussia gains support from all German states for unification under one government

35. In 1871, Wilhelm I (the First) becomes Kaiser (emperor) of the united Germany

36. Otto von Bismarck becomes the Chancellor of Germany

37. Each German state has a local ruler and army and handles its own domestic affairs, but…the Kaiser heads the German national government

38. THE BALANCE OF POWER SHIFTS
The balance of power in Europe is disturbed by the sudden emergence of Germany as a military and industrial powerhouse
Germany wants what many European countries already have: a rich and powerful empire
This competition will eventually lead to the bloodiest, most destructive wars in human history