1. Unification of italy & germany
Chapter 8: Section Unites Italy
Unification of italy & germany

2. Introduction While nat’lm destroyed empires it also built them
Italy was one of the nations to form
Between 1815 & 1848 fewer Italians were willing live under foreign rulers
Italians looked for leadership from the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
WHY? (1) it was the largest city-state and (2) it had a liberal constitution

4. Cavour leads Unification
Cavour was named as prime minister by King Victor Emmanuel II
He used skillful diplomacy & alliances to gain control of northern Italy
For ex, he convinced Napoleon III to go to war with him against Austria to drive them out of No. Italy
The 1858 war was very successful.
They took all of No. Italy except Venetia.

5. Giuseppe Garibaldi
As Cavour was uniting the North, a small army under Garibaldi began uniting the South
Known as the Red Shirts
Began in Sicily and marched north
Garibaldi agreed to unite areas he conquered with kingdom of Piedmont- Sardinia
The “Red One” willingly stepped aside

6. Unified Italy In 1866 Venetia became part of Italy
By 1870 Italian forces had taken over the Papal states
With this victory Rome became the capital of the united Italy
The Pope would continue to live in a part of Rome known as the Vatican City.

7. German Unification
Germany achieved some unity in 1815 with the German Confederation of 39 states.
It was dominated by Austria then but Prussia was ready to step in and take it over and add more German states
Prussia had advantages over Austria.
(1) Unlike Austria Prussia had a primarily German population which unified it
(2) Prussian army was the most powerful
(3) Prussia had a liberal constitution

8. Bismarck Takes Control
Wilhelm I succeeded Frederick William as king
Liberal parliament refused him funds to double strength of his army
Wilhelm saw this as challenge to his authority and was joined in this view by the Junker class.
Wilhelm chose a conservative Junker, Otto von Bismarck, as his prime minister.

9. Wilhelm II & Bismarck

10. Bismarck
Bis was a master of what is called Realpolitik (the politics of reality)
It is known as tough power politics with no room for idealism.
His style was to get done whatever needed to be done in whatever way necessary including war if necessary.
Blood and iron speech on p. 262

11. Prussia Expands
Bismarck formed alliance with Austria and went to war against Denmark and took over two border provinces (Holstein & Schleswig)
The quick victory increased German nat’l pride among Prussians and won new respect from other Germans.
It lend support for Prussia as head of a unified Germany.
Prussia took over Schleswig

12. Seven Weeks War
Then Bismarck purposely stirred up border conflicts with Austria (realpolitik) & provoked Austria into declaring war in 1866.
Austr suffered devastating & humiliating blow
They lost Venetia which went to Italy & even more Germany territory
Prussia took control of northern Germany

13. Franco-Prussian War
Bismarck manufactures war with France in order to win over the Southern German states
They were Catholic & resisted domination by a protestant Prussia
But Bismarck creates the impression that the French foreign minister insulted the Prus king and France reacts to the deception by declaring war on Prussia
Prussia defeats France (captures Napol III)

14. Wilhelm Crowned Emperor
Empire called the Second Reich
Bismarck had achieved Prussian dominance over Germany by “blood and iron”
The unification of Germany had upset B/P established at Congress of Vienna
Britain & Prussia were the strongest econ & militarily.
France was in the middle with Austria & Russia lagging behind.