1. Green Pharmacology - More than only Medicine
All Africa Congress on Pharmacology and Pharmacy
South Africa
5 – 8 October 2016
J Pieter H van Wyk
Dept: Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Sefako Makgatho Health Science University (SMU)
South Africa 2

2. Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) Sulphur (S)
Non-Biodegradable
Chemical Structure
Water
Soil
Biodegradable
Chemical Composition
Elimination
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Sulphur (S)
Adverse Effects
Climate Change
Medicines
Pharmaceuticals
Drugs
ENVIRONMENT
Pollution
Waste
Global Warming
Therapeutics Use
Chemical Composition
Source of Chemicals
Petrochemicals
Oil, Coal:
Fossil Fuels 3

3. Pollution Solid Waste Solid Waste Composition
Chemical Composition:
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H),
Nitrogen (N), Sulphur (S).
46 %
Organic
Food Scrap, Yard Waste (leaves, brush) Wood
Pollution
ORGANIC WASTE
63 %
17 %
Paper
Cardboard, Newspaper, Magazines, Bags, Office paper
Amount of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
10 %
Plastic
Bottles, Packaging, Container, Bags
Solid Waste
5 %
Glass
Bottles, Lights Bulbs, Coloured Glass
2002:
0,68 billion tonnes per year
4 %
Metal
Cans, Foil, Aerosol Cans, Appliances
2012:
1,3 billion tonnes per year
Solid Waste Composition
18%
Other
Textiles, Leather, Rubber, e-Waste, Inert Materials
2025:
2,2 billion tonnes per year
Solid Waste Management
2025:
1,42 kg / capita / day
Alternative Use –
Resource? 4

4. C H O c o H O H H O O H O c o H H C H O O C H C C H H H C C
Waste Paper
Hemi-cellulose
Bio-polymer: glucose – xylose – mannose – galactose - arabinose
Lignin
“Glue”: dendritic network of phenyl propene basic units: sulphur bearing – sulphur free structures.
Structural Composition
Cellulose
Bio-polymer: glucose – glucose – glucose – glucose – glucose c o
CH2OH HO OH H
(Bio)-Acetic acid C H O H O
Can cellulose be resolved into glucose?
Use glucose as feedstock? H H O O H O c o
CH2OH HO OH H H H C
Resolve
glucose? H O
Fermentation? O C H C C H H H C C 5

5. Types of waste (used) paper materials:
Cellulose can be hydrolysed into glucose, a fermentable sugar:
Strong acid catalysed hydrolysis – HCl ; H2SO4
Multi-component cellulase enzyme system - bioconversion.
Trichoderma viride ; Aspergillus niger
Filter Paper
Maximum Bioconversion Into Glucose
Optimum pH
Foolscap Paper
Optimum temperature
Office Paper
Incubation Time
Cellulase concentration
Paper Towel
Amount of paper
Types of waste (used) paper materials:
News Paper
Stability – Temp, pH
Pretreatment of Paper (Cellulose)
Heterogeneous Catalysis
Cellulose structural features:
Crystalline section – difficult to degrade
Amorphous – more susceptible for degradation.
Cellulase, a multi-component system, three major components: exoglucanase, endoglucanase, B-glucosidase
Brown Envelope Paper
Powder – surface area
Heat treatment
Cardboard
Ultra sonification
Successive cellulase treatment
Woolworths Advertising Paper
Synergism / Recombination
Pick ’n Pay Advertising Paper
Ink 6

6. Cellulase Catalyzed Saccharification of Waste Paper
Sugar Determination:
Spectrophotometric
DNS-reagent
Glucose standard
Incubation
Pieces (non-pretreated and pretreated) wastepaper
Buffer
Enzyme solution 7

7. Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria.
About 2150 (estimated) sawmills at the bank of Lagos lagoon.
An average of 8 logs are being sawn per day per mill.
Tons of waste per year
Sawdust.
Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria.
Waste International: Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria
Lignocellulosic sawdust
[Glucose] - (mg.ml-1) Kraft pulped.
E. suaveolen
7.5
S. globulifera
5.8
R. heudelotii
6.6
P. macrocarpa
7.4
M. excelsa
2.3
I. asarifolia
7.7
H. ciliata
8.4
S. gabonensis
9.4
P. angolensis
10.5
T. superba
12.7
Lignocellulosic sawdust
[Glucose] - (mg.ml-1) Kraft pulped.
T. superba
12.7
A. germinans
4.3
T. scleroxylon
10.3
U. guineensis
11.5
N. diderrichii
11.1
M. altissima
6.6
E. gigas
6.3
C. pentadra
10.8
K. ivorensis
6.8
L. alata
13.4
S. Pustulatas
8,25 8

8. Waste International: Libanon – February 23, 2016: Reuters 9

9. Solid Waste – Organic Waste - Resource
Waste International: South Africa
Waste International: South Africa 10

10. Green Pharmacology - More than only Medicine
Conclusions:
Waste cellulose is a major part of solid waste
Waste cellulose can be bio-converted into glucose by cellulase
a multi-component hydrolytic enzyme
Glucose from organic waste degradation could be utilized as a
feedstock (resource) for bio-product development
(benzocaine, ethyl salicylate)
Limit accumulation of waste and pollution. 11

11. Current and Future Research:
Green Pharmacology - More than only Medicine
Current and Future Research:
Increase the susceptibility of waste paper for cellulase catalyzed bioconversion – pretreatment.
Separation, isolation, characterization and recombination of cellulase components for increased bioconversion – chromatography
Simultaneous “pretreatment, saccharification, fermentation, esterification” of organic waste (used paper) into bio-products
Biodegradation of waste paper with natural cellulase systems – snails
Pyrolysis of waste biomass – obtain aromatic compounds.
Thank You
End