1. Ecology
Ecology
Chapters 3-5
Ecology

2. I. ECOLOGY = study of interactions among organisms & their environment
A. Environmental Factors
1. Abiotic Factors = nonliving parts of environment
Ex: temperature, water, soil, sunlight, rocks, wind, etc.
Ecology

3. 3. Habitat = AREA an organism lives in
Ecology
2. Biotic Factors = all LIVING (or once living) organisms in environment
3. Habitat = AREA an organism lives in
Ex: forest, ocean
*organism’s address
Ecology

4. 4. NICHE = ROLE an organism has in its environment
Ecology
4. NICHE = ROLE an organism has in its environment
Ex: finding food/shelter, how/when it reproduces, how it survives
* organism’s lifestyle
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5. B. Ecological Levels of Organization
Ecology
B. Ecological Levels of Organization
1. Organism/Individual
2. Population = organism of same species living in one place at one time
3. Community = different populations interacting
Ecology

6. 4. Ecosystem = interactions of community & abiotic factors
Ecology
4. Ecosystem = interactions of community & abiotic factors
5. Biome = group of ecosystems w/ similar climate
6. Biosphere = Earth [from atmosphere to oceans]
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7. Ecology
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8. C. Relationships Between Organisms
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C. Relationships Between Organisms
1. Predator-Prey (+ -) = one kills & feeds off another
Ex: Lions & zebras
2. Symbiosis = close & permanent relationship between 2 organisms (no killing)
Ecology

9. a. 3 Types of Symbiosis: 1. Mutualism (+ +) = both species benefit
Ecology
a. 3 Types of Symbiosis:
1. Mutualism (+ +) = both species benefit
Ex: bees & flowers, sharks & remora, clownfish &
anemone
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10. Ecology
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11. Ecology
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12. Ecology
2. Commensalism (+ 0) = one species benefits; other has no benefit but no harm
Ex: Barnacles on a whale
Cattle Egrets & Livestock
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13. Ecology
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15. 3. Parasitism (+ -) = one species benefits; other is harmed
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3. Parasitism (+ -) = one species benefits; other is harmed
Ex: fleas on a dog, tapeworm/ lice and human
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17. Ecology
Ecology

18. Ecology
Ecology

19. 1. Autotrophs (Producers) – make own food
Ecology
D. Organisms & Energy
1. Autotrophs (Producers) – make own food
2. Heterotrophs (Consumers) – feed on other organisms
a. Herbivores – eat plants
b. Carnivores – eat animals
c. Omnivores – eat both
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20. 3. Scavengers – feed on dead animal bodies
Ecology
3. Scavengers – feed on dead animal bodies
Ex: vultures, hyenas
4. Decomposers – break down & absorb nutrients from dead organisms
Ex: bacteria, fungus
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21. Ecology
Ecology

22. E. Energy Flow in Ecosystems
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E. Energy Flow in Ecosystems
1. Food chain – shows ONE path of energy flow
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23. Ecology
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24. 2. Food web – shows ALL possible feeding/energy relationships
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2. Food web – shows ALL possible feeding/energy relationships
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25. 3. Comparison Both start w/ PRODUCERS
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3. Comparison
Both start w/ PRODUCERS
Food webs are more realistic than chains
Each step is called a TROPHIC LEVEL
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26. Arrows show DIRECTION OF ENERGY FLOW – NOT what the organism eats!!
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Arrows show DIRECTION OF ENERGY FLOW – NOT what the organism eats!!
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27. Ecology
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28. Ecology
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29. 4. Energy pyramids – shows amount of energy passed on in a food chain.
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4. Energy pyramids – shows amount of energy passed on in a food chain.
bottom of pyramid is producers -most plentiful & has most energy!
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30. Ecology
less energy available to pass on to next level (approx. 10% passed onto next level)
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31. Ecology
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33. Ecology
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34. A. Succession = natural changes in an ecosystem over time
Ecology
II. Ecosystems Chap 4-2
A. Succession = natural changes in an ecosystem over time
Occurs in stages
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35. 1. Primary succession – development of community in an area w/ no life
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1. Primary succession – development of community in an area w/ no life
a. Ex: land after volcanic eruptions, avalanches, etc.
b. NO SOIL/Pre-existing Life
c. LONG time to develop
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36. d. Pioneer community – 1st species to live in area
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d. Pioneer community – 1st species to live in area
small, fast-growing & reproduces fast
Ex: lichens, mosses, small animals
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38. 2. Secondary succession – development of community in a disrupted area
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2. Secondary succession – development of community in a disrupted area
a. Ex: land after fires, forest clearing, etc.
b. HAS SOIL
c. SHORTER time to develop
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39. d. Climax community – final, stable community w/ little or no change
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d. Climax community – final, stable community w/ little or no change
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42. Ecology
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46. * Matter is recycled within and between ecosystems
Cycles of Matter chap 3-3
* Matter is recycled within and between ecosystems

47. 1. EVAPORATION (TRANSPIRATION if H2O lost from plants)
Ecology
I. Cycles of Matter
A. WATER CYCLE
1. EVAPORATION (TRANSPIRATION if H2O lost from plants)
2. CONDENSATION (forms clouds & droplets)
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48. 3. PRECIPITATION (rain, snow, ice)
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3. PRECIPITATION (rain, snow, ice)
* IMPORTANCE = all living things need water to survive
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49. Ecology
Condensation
Seepage
Runoff
Precipitation
Transpiration
Evaporation
Root
Uptake
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50. The Water Cycle

51. 2. Photosynthesis uses CO2 to make glucose
Ecology
B. CARBON CYCLE
1. CO2 released by volcanoes, human activity, respiration, decomposition
2. Photosynthesis uses CO2 to make glucose
3. Glucose (C6H12O6 eaten by consumers for energy)
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52. 4. Organisms release CO2 through respiration
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4. Organisms release CO2 through respiration
* IMPORTANCE = needed in photosynthesis to make O2, & needed for living tissue & skeletons
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53. Ecology
CO2 in
Atmosphere
CO2 in Ocean
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54. The Carbon Cycle--Recycling matter

55. 1. N2 gas converted to NH3/ NO3 / NO2 by bacteria in soil for plants
Ecology
C. NITROGEN CYCLE
1. N2 gas converted to NH3/ NO3 / NO2 by bacteria in soil for plants
2. Plants use NO3 / NO2 & consumers eat plants to make proteins
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56. 3. Dead organisms & animal waste returns nitrogen to soil
Ecology
3. Dead organisms & animal waste returns nitrogen to soil
4. Different bacteria in soil convert this to N2 & release into atmosphere
* IMPORTANCE = make amino acids for proteins
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57. Ecology
Ecology

58. The Nitrogen Cycle

59. 1. Phosphate in rock & soil wears down into plants & oceans
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D. PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
1. Phosphate in rock & soil wears down into plants & oceans
2. Plants & consumers take in phosphate
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60. 3. When plants/animals die, phosphate enters sediment
Ecology
3. When plants/animals die, phosphate enters sediment
* IMPORTANCE = helps form DNA & RNA
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61. Ecology
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62. Phosphorus video clip

63. A. Population size depends on:
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I. Populations- Chap. 5
A. Population size depends on:
1) # of births
2) # of deaths
3) Migration (immigration & emigration)
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64. Shortage of food supply can cause emigration & decrease population
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Ex. Sea otter population decreased when death rate increased due to hunting
Shortage of food supply can cause emigration & decrease population
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65. Slow initial growth -very few organisms to start
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B. Exponential Growth (J-shape):
Slow initial growth -very few organisms to start
2. Rapid growth over time # of organisms reproducing increases
only if resources are unlimited
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66. Exponential Growth Ecology
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67. Ecology
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68. 1. Occurs if resources reduce, -population growth will slow or stop
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C. Logistic Growth (S-shape):
1. Occurs if resources reduce, -population growth will slow or stop
• Growth levels off at CARRYING CAPACITY = largest # of organisms of a species the environment can support
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69. Logistic Growth Ecology
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70. D. Limits to Population Growth
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D. Limits to Population Growth
1. Limiting factor = biotic or abiotic factors that restricts # of organisms
a. Types of Limiting Factors:
1. Density-dependent = as population increases, the effect will increase
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71. a. Predation – as prey , predators & vice versa
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a. Predation – as prey , predators & vice versa
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72. b. Disease & parasitism Makes individuals weak and more likely to die
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b. Disease & parasitism
Makes individuals weak and more likely to die
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73. c. Competition for resources
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c. Competition for resources
Survival of the fittest
Ex. Puffins & their nesting site
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74. 2. Density-independent = affects all populations regardless of size
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2. Density-independent = affects all populations regardless of size
a. Natural disasters
b. Weather/climate
c. Human activity (pollution, clearing forests, etc.)
Ecology