1. How Nationalism Led to WWI
Nationalism in Europe
How Nationalism Led to WWI

2. Italy

3. Congress of Vienna
After Napoleon’s defeat, the Congress of Vienna split the Italian states apart under the rule of three different groups
Austria
France
The Hapsburgs
Italian Nationalism started spreading in opposition of these changes

4. Mazzini and Young Italy
“Heart of Italy”
A popular Italian writer who created a Nationalist group called Young Italy to fight for unification
Young Italy attracted tens of thousands of followers to the Italian unification cause

5. Camillo di Cavour “Brain of Italy”
Cavour was one of the most influential leaders during the Italian Unification movement.
Believed in a thriving economy
Wanted Italy reborn into a Monarchy
He became Prime Minister and created a newspaper called Il Risorrgimento to help spread Nationalism and the ideas of unification through out Italy.

6. Giuseppe Garibaldi and the Red Shirts
“Sword of Italy”
Joined Mazzini’s Young Italy in 1833
Garibaldi and the Red Shirts (Garibaldi’s followers) used guerrilla warfare to gain control of the city of Lombardy, the island of Sicily, and the city of Naples.

7. Challenges after Unification
Widespread poverty – Unemployment and rising taxes led to poverty which led to many Italians emigrating to the Americas.
The Catholic Church didn’t recognize Italy as a nation and Catholics were prohibited from any political participation.

8. Germany

9. Steps Towards Unification
The Revolution of 1848: Inspired by revolution in France and a desire for a united Germany, the Germans revolted against the Prussian king.
The Promise of Reforms: At first, the Prussian King Frederick Wilhelm IV agrees to bring about democratic reforms, but later breaks his promises.
The Zollverein: Germans create an economic alliance between the German states, the Zollverein, which promotes trade and a strong economy.
German Unification: Otto von Bismarck leads Germany towards unification using his political philosophy of realpolitik, or “the politics of reality.”

10. Otto Von Bismarck
A political conservative who was the leading force behind German Unification
His philosophy on government was practical rather than idealistic – Realpolitik
Developed policies based on the interests of Prussia
Believed unification wouldn’t be won by speeches and majority vote but by “Blood and Iron” – built the Prussian army into a great war machine

11. Austro-Prussian War
Bismarck gave Italy the territory of Venetia in exchange for their support against Austria
Bismarck persuaded France to stay neutral if war broke out between the German states
Sent troops to the Austrian state of Holstein – Austria declared war
King Wilhelm I blamed Austria for starting the war and played up Nationalism to gain support for the war
Bismarck’s army beat Austria in 7 weeks
They gained the territory of Holstein

12. Franco-Prussian War
War was needed to unite the southern German states in the North German Confederation
Prussia was in conflict with France over the territory of Alsace and Lorraine
These states supported Prussia and the Northern Germany states
Bismarck was victorious versus France and the peace treaty declared Germany unified

13. How Unification Changed Germany
Birth of the Second Reich
New government – Federalist form
Kulturkampf: “The Struggle for Culture” – Bismarck passed laws limiting the churches power
Funds from France after the Franco-Prussian War helped Germany pay for industrialization
Created an alliance with Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Russia

14. Austria Hungary and the Ottoman empire

15. Nationalism in Austria
Austria-Hungary was made up of many different ethnic groups prior to WWI
Croats, Serbs, Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Slovenes, Ukrainians, Germans, Magyars, Romanians, Italians
Revolutions in France, Italy, and the German states set off revolutions in the Austrian Empire
The different nationalities wanted their independence

16. Dual Monarchy Dual Monarch – Two nations ruled by one single leader
Austria-Hungary was born: Austria and Hungary were two separate, equal states and Franz Joseph I was their leader – Emperor of Austria, and King of Hungary
They shared the ministries of war, fiancé, and foreign affairs, but had their own parliaments
Advantages – Hungary provided the raw materials and food in exchange for industrial products from Austria
Disadvantage – Divisions remained among the various nationality groups
The Dual Monarchy only lasted 50 years

17. The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire was a centuries old Empire who also controlled many different ethnic groups
Greeks, Bulgarians, Turks, Kurds, Arabs, Jews
In the early 1800’s it was clear the Ottoman Empire could no longer defend itself against independence movements or external threats
Eastern Question – What would happen if the Ottoman Empire collapsed?
Most importantly – Constantinople

18. The Crimean War
The Ottomans gave control of the holy places in Palestine to the Roman Catholics
Orthodox Christians were denied these rights – Russia invaded the Ottoman Empire
Great Britain saw Russia’s move as threatening towards India and allied with France and the Ottoman Empire vs Russia
Accomplished nothing – lasted two years and ended in a stalemate with a half a million deaths

19. The Balkan Wars
All of the different ethnic groups in the Balkans wanted their independence
Russia was involved – wanted a route to the Mediterranean
Great Britain and France were looking out for their own interests, sometimes would side with Russia, other times with the Ottomans
Germany and Austria wanted to secure Austrian control over the different ethnic groups
Cost the Ottoman Empire almost all of its land in Europe and settled no Balkan issues