1. The Unification of Italy

2. What is Nationalism?
Nationalism is a feeling of belonging and loyalty that causes people to think of themselves as a nation.
During the 19th and 20th centuries, nationalism was a powerful force throughout Europe.
Nationalism was a force that connected all Italians.

3. Barriers to Italian Nationalism
Geography: The River Po divided north and south and the Apennines Mountains divide east and west.
Illiteracy – as most of the population could not read and write, nationalistic propaganda was difficult to spread.
The Pope - felt a united Italy would reduce his rights in the Papal States.
European powers such as France and Britain did not want a unified and strong Italy controlling the Mediterranean.

4. Europe in the 19th Century:

5. Factors That Led to Italian Unification
Geography
Italy is isolated
The Alps are to the North, surrounded by oceans.
Geographic isolation allows Italy to develop its own ways, customs.
History
Italians are very proud of their heritage and history
Napoleon’s conquest of Italian states led to a desire not to be conquered again  Italian unity.
All speak Italian though often different dialects
Risorgimento – Italian Nationalist Movement

6. Giuseppe Verdi – great Italian composer
In Nabucco (1842), Verdi’s first successful opera, a chorus of captives in the ancient Babylon of Nebuchadnezzar sing movingly about their hopes for freedom. Italian patri- ots borrowed the song, and it remains a favorite patriotic song in Italy. Even the letters of Verdi’s name became part of the Italian nationalist movement. The crowds that shouted “Viva Verdi” were using a widely understood shorthand phrase for “Viva Vittorio Emmanuale Rei de Italia” (Long live Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy)

7. Efforts of Three Men: Mazzini, Cavour, Garibaldi

8. Giuseppe Mazzini, “Heart of Italian Unification”
He was a member of the Carbonari.
The Carbonari were a secret group which used violence to obtain what it wanted.
He formed Young Italy, made up of young people whose job it was to arouse enthusiasm for a united nation.
Tried revolution but it failed.

9. Count Cavour “Architect of Italian Unification”
Believed in Realpolitik
Reformed K. of Sardinia’s economy
Count Camillo di Cavour was the “architect” (planner) of Piedmont-Sardinia’s war against Austria. (France helped)
Annexed Lombardy
This revolt encouraged other Italian states to revolt.

10. Check for Understanding
How did Cavour help Italian states break free from the Austrian Empire?
Talk with Partner
30 seconds

11. Garibaldi “The Sword of Unification ”
Many Italians consider Cavour “brain” of Italian unification, Mazzini “heart”
Giuseppe Garibaldi has been called “sword” of Italy
Garibaldi joined Young Italy movement, 1833
Nationalist activities forced Garibaldi to flee Italy twice
Learned techniques of guerilla warfare while living in South America
Returned to Italy often to continue fight to free Italy from Austrian domination 1854

12. Garibaldi’s Red Shirts
1000 followers known as Red
Shirts because of colorful uniforms
By July 1860, Garibaldi & the Red Shirts gained control of island of Sicily (Cavour helped!)
September, Garibaldi & Sardinian troops conquered Naples
Red Shirts now controlled southern part Italian peninsula which alarmed Cavour
Predict what happens next!!!!

13. Will Italy become a republic?
“The Nationalist Hero” Garibaldi wanted a republic, but Cavour, the practical politician wanted a Monarchy
In a patriotic move, Garibaldi offered the Kingdom of Two Sicilies, Naples and Sicily to Sardinian King Victor Emmanuel II

14. Check for Understanding
What actions led Garibaldi to be called the “sword” of Italian unification?
Talk with a partner and count how many steps it took!
Take 30 seconds!

15. All unified!!
Wait, what’s wrong with this picture?

16. Unification
1861, territories held elections, all agreed to unification
Venetia & Rome were not inlcluded
Prussia defeated Austria, gave Venetia to Italy (Austro-Prussian War)
Prussia forced French to withdraw from Rome (Franco-Prussian War)
Italian troops entered Rome, completed unification under King Victor Emmanuel II

17. Challenges Facing the New nation
Divisions – regional differences between wealthy north and rural/poor south
Hostility between Italy and the Roman Catholic Church; Pope resented seizure of Papal States & Rome
Concerns over Constitutional gov. & two house legislature being fair
Anarchists – wanted to abolish all gov.
People were forced to emigrate, or move from Italy due to over population