1. Modern Iraq

3. Ottoman Provinces Incorporated into Iraq

4. Gertrude Bell, 1868-1927 Born into one of the wealthiest families
of England.
Worked in intelligence for British government. Knew seven languages, including Arabic, Turkish, Persian.
Was central influence in drawing map of
Iraq, keeping control from Kurds and Shi’as.
Supported Faisal as its first leader.
Gertrude Bell,
Born into one of the wealthiest families
of England. Received History degree from
Oxford, in two years. Soon after she
visited uncle, who was mayor of Tehran.
Knew seven languages, including Arabic,
Turkish, Persian. Traveled widely. Archeologist.
Worked in intelligence for British government.
Was central influence in drawing map of
Iraq. Supported Faisal as its first leader.
Active suffragette. Never married

5. King Faisal I 1885-1933 King 1921-33 Born in Mecca, worked
with British and T.E.
Lawrence against
Ottomans.
Unsuccessful at gaining
control of Syria.
King Faisal I
King
Born in Mecca, worked with British (and T.E. Lawrence) against Ottomans

6. King Ghazi I 1912- 39 King 1933-39 Born in Mecca. Becomes
King on death of his father
Faisal.
Popular among Iraqis for his anti-British nationalism.
Dies in an auto crash, under unusual circumstances.
Upon his death, Iraq is ruled by a regent until Faisal II comes of age.
King Ghazi I.

7. King Faisal 2 1935-1958 King 1953-58 Kingdom was ruled in his
name by his Uncle, the Regent.
Died in a military coup led by
General Karim Qassem in 1958
King Faisal 2
King

8. Saddam’s Path to Power
Saddam was born in a village just outside Takrit in April In his teenage years, Saddam immersed himself in the anti-British and anti-Western atmosphere of the day. At college in Baghdad he joined the Baath party.
In 1959, an assassination attempt organized by the Ba'ath Party against PM Karim Qassem, failed. Amongst the unsuccessful assassination squad was the young Saddam Hussein.

9. Saddam’s Path to Power
Escaped to Syria and thence to Egypt where he completed his secondary school studies in 1962.
Admitted into the College of Law in Cairo and attended in the period

10. Saddam’s Path to Power
In 1963, with the Baath party in control in Baghdad, Saddam Hussein returned home and began jostling for a position of influence.
During this period he married his cousin Sajida. They later had two sons and three daughters.
But within months, the Baath party had been overthrown and Saddam was jailed, remaining there until the party returned to power in a coup in July 1968.

11. Saddam Makes It to The Top
The Baath party returned to power in a coup in July Saddam gained a position on the ruling Revolutionary Command Council.
For years he was the power behind the ailing figure of the president, Ahmed Hassan Bakr. In 1979, Saddam achieved his ambition of becoming head of state.

12. Iran-Iraq War, 1980-88 Iranians Iraq seized Iran’s oil fields after
Iran’s Islamic revolution,
but Iran fought to stalemate
U.S. supported Iraq with weapons and intelligence.
Iraqis

13. Gulf War I, 1990 - 1991 Iraq claims from Ottoman days
Dispute with Kuwait over oil
Pumped from Rumallah field;
Iraq invades Kuwait August 2, 1990
U.S. sent troops with UN backing.
50 Allies in coalition. 38 states provided 50% of Troops.
U.S. paid only $9 billion of the $61 billion cost of the war.

14. US Policy During Gulf War
A week before the war broke out, US ambassador April Glaspie met Hussein and told him:
“We have no opinion on your Arab - Arab conflicts, such as your dispute with Kuwait. Secretary (of State James) Baker has directed me to emphasize the instruction, that the Kuwait issue is not associated with America.”

15. A Job Unfinished?
“Trying to eliminate Saddam...would have incurred incalculable human and political costs. Apprehending him was probably impossible.... We would have been forced to occupy Baghdad and, in effect, rule Iraq....there was no viable "exit strategy" we could see, violating another of our principles. Furthermore, we had been self-consciously trying to set a pattern for handling aggression in the post-Cold War world. Going in and occupying Iraq, thus unilaterally exceeding the United Nations' mandate, would have destroyed the precedent of international response to aggression that we hoped to establish. Had we gone the invasion route, the United States could conceivably still be an occupying power in a bitterly hostile land.”
From George H.W. Bush and Brent Scowcroft,
A World Transformed (1998), pp

16. 9/11, Al-Qaeda, and Iraq
"There was a relationship between Iraq and Saddam and al-Qaida there were numerous contacts between Saddam and al-Qaida.''
"Saddam Hussein was a threat. He was a threat because he had used weapons of mass destruction against his own people. He was a threat because he was a sworn enemy of the United States of America, just like al-Qaida. He was a threat because he had terrorist connections.“
President G.W. Bush, Comments to Reporters, 17 June 2004

17. Iraq’s Threat to America
“Iraq has stockpiled biological and chemical weapons, and is rebuilding the facilities used to make more of those weapons.”
President G.W. Bush Radio address, October 5, 2002
“Simply stated, there is no doubt that Saddam Hussein now has weapons of mass destruction.”
Dick Cheney August 26, 2002
“Intelligence gathered by this and other governments leaves no doubt that the Iraq regime continues to possess and conceal some of the most lethal weapons ever devised.”
George W. Bush March 18, 2003
“We know where they are. They are in the area around Tikrit and Baghdad.”
Donald Rumsfeld March 30, 2003

18. Some Democrats Believe Too
“Iraq both poses a continuing threat to the national security of the United States and international peace and security in the Persian Gulf region and remains in material and unacceptable breach of its international obligations by, among other things, continuing to possess and develop a significant chemical and biological weapons capability, actively seeking a nuclear weapons capability, and supporting and harboring terrorist organizations.”
Sen. Hillary Clinton, D-NY, February 5, 2003
“If we wait for the danger to become clear, it could be too late.”
Sen. Joseph Biden D-Del., September 4, 2002

19. The Intelligence Failure?
“What is most remarkable about prewar U.S. intelligence on Iraq is not that it got things wrong and thereby misled policymakers; it is that it played so small a role in one of the most important U.S. policy decisions in recent decades.
The Bush administration used intelligence not to inform decision-making, but to justify a decision already made.
It went to war without requesting -- and evidently without being influenced by -- any strategic-level intelligence assessments on any aspect of Iraq.
As the national intelligence officer for the Middle East, I was in charge of coordinating all of the intelligence community's assessments regarding Iraq; the first request I received from any administration policymaker for any such assessment was not until a year into the war.
The administration selected pieces of raw intelligence to use in its public case for war, leaving the intelligence community to register varying degrees of private protest”
PAUL R. PILLAR National Intelligence Officer for the Near East and South Asia from 2000 to 2005 in “Intelligence, Policy, and The War in Iraq”, Foreign Policy, March 2006.

20. Human Cost of the War U.S. FINACIAL COST: $565 billion,
U.S.-LED COALITION FORCES CASUALTIES:
United States 4,182 (29,834 wounded)
Britain 129
Other nations 123
IRAQI CASUALTIES:
Military Between 4,900 and 6,375
Civilians Between 53,194 and 58,797
34,452 civilians were killed and more than 36,000 wounded in 2006 alone
U.S. FINACIAL COST: $565 billion,

21. Economic Cost of the War
$589 billion as of 15 October 2008
Spending $12.5 billion per month (Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University)
Estimates that eventual costs $1-2 trillion

22. 4 Million Displaced Iraqis

23. The Iraq Study Group 6 December 2006
Stop emphasizing things like installing democracy throughout the Middle East and start emphasizing things like stability and territorial integrity in Iraq.
Stabilize Baghdad, boost efforts to entice insurgents into politics, and bring Iraq’s neighbors, including Iran and Syria, into plans to end the fighting. End regime change efforts.

24. President Decides on New Strategy
Eighty percent of Iraq's sectarian violence occurs within 30 miles of the capital.
Our past efforts to secure Baghdad failed for two principal reasons:
There were not enough Iraqi and American troops to secure neighborhoods that had been cleared of terrorists and insurgents, and
There were too many restrictions on the troops we did have.
“The situation in Iraq is unacceptable to the American people, and it is unacceptable to me.”

25. The Surge Plan
The Iraqi government will deploy Iraqi Army and National Police brigades across Baghdad's nine districts.
There will be 18 Iraqi Army and National Police brigades committed to this effort, along with local police.
21,500 additional American troops to deploy to Iraq.
Five brigades (17,500) will be deployed to Baghdad.
These troops will work alongside Iraqi units and be embedded in their formations.
Our troops will have a well-defined mission:
to help Iraqis clear and secure neighborhoods,
to help them protect the local population, and
to help ensure that the Iraqi forces left behind are capable of providing the security that Baghdad needs.

31. Ethnic Patterns in Baghdad

32. Baghdad Ethnic Structure 2003

33. Baghdad Ethnic Structure 2007

34. Baghdad Ethnic Changes 2003 vs. 2007

35. U.S. – Iraq Status of Forces Agreement,14 October 2008
U.S. forces will remain in Iraq after the expiration of UN mandate on 31 December 2008.
U.S. soldiers and contractors will be subject to Iraqi judicial law in case these forces commit a felony outside their military bases and when off duty.
U.S. combat forces will be withdrawn from Iraq by 31 December 2011, unless Iraq asks them to remain.

37. A Legacy of Conflict
In 1920, as the demarcation of Iraq and possible partition of its land along ethnic lines is being negotiated between the governments of Britain and Turkey and the Sunni Arab elite, Shiites are unsuccessful in establishing an autonomous, Shi’a section in the southern regions. Riots break out, but are subdued by British and Sunni Arab forces.
1921 Britain installs Sunni colonial government under King Faisal I.
1932, Iraq becomes independent under Sunni government, but with continuing British influence.
1935, the southern Shia tribes revolt against the rule of Ghazi I and were subdued by Iraqi troops.
1991 Shia uprising after Gulf War suppressed by Saddam Hussein.
in 1935, three years after
independence, most of the southern tribes rose up in arms and a widespread rebellion
shattered the region.
The uprising was overthrown in a most brutal way by Iraqi troops and the Royal Air Force.
Little distinction was made between the civil population and armed fighters. Men who were
or seemed to be leaders of Shii tribes faced summary execution

38. The Kurds: A Nation without a State

39. Kurdish Separation Efforts
Promise of an autonomous Kurdish state by the League of Nations in the Treaty of Sevres.
Many Kurdish political leaders, including former Ottoman Officers, sheiks, and tribal chiefs immediately resisted Sunni rule in Iraq.
Mahmud Berzenji declares an independent Kurdish state in 1924 in response to the rising influence of the Kurdish people in northern Iraq.
British and Sunni Military subdue the Kurdish state.

40. Kurd Separatism Efforts
1932-Second Kurdish rebellion put down by British and Sunni forces
1940-Mullah Mustafa Barzani leads rebellion against Iraqi military and police force, and is forced to flee along with 100,000 Kurds to Iran and the Soviet Union.
1958 -Barzani returns and forms the Republic of Mahabad under the sponsorship of the U.S.S.R..
Collapses in 1978 under Iraqi assault
Arabization, deportation and genocide ensue.
Resettlement of about 80,000 Kurds outside Kurdish areas
Arab families moved into fertile areas of Kurdish region.
De Facto independence of Kurd area under U.S. protection following the 1991 Gulf War.

41. The Current Government
President: Jalal Talibani, Kurdish Alliance
Vice Presidents:
Adl Adul Madi, Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq
Tariq al-Hamshimi, Iraqi Islamic Party (Sunni)
Prime Minister: Nouri al-Maliki, DAWA (Islamic Call Party)
52% shia, 24% Kurd, 24

42. Other Top Cabinet Leaders
Deputy prime ministers, and ministers of foreign affairs, finance, defense, interior, and state for national security
Shia 52%
Kurd 24%
Sunni 24%

43. The Iraqi Parliament

44. The Shia Faithful Follow Ayatollah Ali Sistani’s Lead

45. Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Al-Sistani 1930 -
Born in Mashhad, Iran into a family of religious scholars.
He came to Iraq to study in Najaf. He was accorded the senior rank of ijtehad in 1961, and was recognized as the pre-eminent Shi’a cleric in Iraq in 1992.
His office oversees the spending of hundreds of millions of dollars for education and charities.
Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Al-Sistani –
Born in Mashhad, Iran into a family of
religious scholars. He came to Iraq to
study in Najabf under Ayatollah Abul-
Qassim Khoei. He was accorded the senior rank of ijtehad in 1961, and was
recognized as the pre-eminent Shi’a cleric in Iraq in 1992.
His office oversees the spending of hundreds of millions of dollars for education and charities. 45

46. Abdul Aziz al-Hakim
Born and raised in Najaf Iraq into a family of prominent Shi’a religious figures.
Seven of his brothers have been killed, six of them by order of Saddam Hussein.
While in exile in Iran in 1980, he helped establish the Supreme Islamic Council of Iraq (SIIC), whose military wing is the Badr Organization.
Is the leader of the United Iraqi Alliance. Visited George W. in December, 2006.
Abdul Aziz al-Hakim
Born and raised in NajafIraq into a family of prominent Shi’a religious figures.
Seven of his brothers have been killed, six of them by order of Saddam Hussein.
While in exile in Iran in 1980, he helped establish SIIC, whose military wing is Badr Organization.
Is the leader of the United Iraqi Alliance. Visited George W. in December, 2006.

47. Moqtada al-Sadr
Born in Baghdad into a prominent family of Shi’a religious figures, some of whom are Lebanese. He himself lacks the religious training to be considered as senior religious scholar (mujtahid).
The leader of the Sadrist militia movement
Moqtada al-Sadr 1973
Born in Baghdad into a prominent family of religious figures, some of whom are Lebanese. He himself lacks the religious training to be considered as senior religious scholar (mujtahid).
The leader of the Sadrist movement 47

48. What level of overall confidence do you have in the government of Prime Minster Nouri Al-Maliki?

49. The New Iraq?

50. Iraq