1. Understanding IPv6

2. Understanding IPv6 Lesson 1 Lesson 7 Introduction to IPv6
IPv6 Protocol for the
Windows .NET Server Family
Lesson 3
IPv6 Addressing
Lesson 4
IPv6 Header
Lesson 5
ICMPv6
Lesson 6
Neighbor Discovery
Lesson 7
Multicast Listener Discovery
Lesson 8
Address Autoconfiguration
Lesson 9
IPv6 and Name Resolution
Lesson 10
IPv6 Routing
Lesson 11
Coexistence and Migration
Lesson 12
IPv6 Mobility

3. Lesson 1
Introduction to IPv6

4. Lesson Objectives Limitations of IPv4 and modern day Internet
Features of IPv6
Differences between IPv4 and IPv6
IPv6 terminology
Case for IPv6 deployment

5. Limitations of IPv4
Exponential growth of the Internet and the impending exhaustion of the IPv4 address space
Growth of the Internet and the ability of Internet backbone routers to maintain large routing tables
Need for simpler configuration
Requirement for security at the IP level
Need for better support for real-time delivery of data—also called quality of service (QoS)

6. Consequences of the Limited IPv4 Address Space: NATs
Host
NAT
Web
server
Internet

7. NATs and Peer-to-Peer Applications
Host A
Host C
NAT
Internet
Host B
Intranet

8. Features of IPv6 New header format Large address space
Efficient and hierarchical addressing and routing infrastructure
Stateless and stateful address configuration
Built-in security
Better support for QoS
New protocol for neighboring node interaction
Extensibility

9. Differences Between IPv4 and IPv6
Feature IPv4 IPv6
Address length 32 bits 128 bits
IPSec support Optional Required
QoS support Some Better
Fragmentation Hosts and routers Hosts only
Packet size 576 bytes 1280 bytes
Checksum in header Yes No
Options in header Yes No
Link-layer address resolution ARP (broadcast) Multicast Neighbor Discovery Messages
Multicast membership IGMP Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD)
Router Discovery Optional Required
Uses broadcasts Yes No
Configuration Manual, DHCP Automatic, DHCP
DNS name queries Uses A records Uses AAAA records
DNS reverse queries Uses IN-ADDR.ARPA Uses IP6.INT

10. IPv6 Terminology Additional subnets Neighbors Host Host Host Bridge
Intra-subnet
router
Router
LAN segment
Link
Subnet
Additional subnets
Network

11. The Case For IPv6 Deployment
IPv6 solves the address depletion problem
IPv6 solves the international address allocation problem
IPv6 restores end-to-end communication
IPv6 uses scoped addresses and address selection
IPv6 has more efficient forwarding
IPv6 has built-in security and mobility

12. Review Limitations of IPv4 and modern day Internet Features of IPv6
Differences between IPv4 and IPv6
IPv6 terminology
Case for IPv6 deployment

13. IPv6 Protocol for the Windows .NET Server Family
Lesson 2
IPv6 Protocol for the Windows .NET Server Family

14. Lesson Objectives
Architecture of the IPv6 protocol for the Windows .NET Server family
Features of the IPv6 protocol for the Windows .NET Server family
IPv6-enabled applications, application programming interfaces (APIs), and common utilities
IPv6 command-line utilities

15. Architecture of the TCP/IP Protocols for the Windows .NET Server Family
Windows Sockets applications
Windows Sockets
Windows Sockets components
TDI
IPv4
(Tcpip.sys)
IPv6
(Tcpip6.sys)
NDIS
Network
adapter drivers

16. Features of the IPv6 protocol for the Windows .NET Server Family
Basic stack support
6to4
ISATAP
6over4
PortProxy
Temporary addresses
DNS support
IPSec support
Static router support
Address selection
Site prefixes in router advertisements

17. Application and Component Support
Internet Explorer
Telnet client
FTP client
Internet Information Services, version 6
File and print sharing
Windows Media Services
Network Monitor
SNMP MIB support

18. Application Programming Interfaces
Windows Sockets (WinSock)
Remote Procedure Call (RPC)
Internet Protocol Helper (IPHelper)
Win32 Internet Extensions (WinInet)
.NET Framework

19. Installing and Configuring the IPv6 Protocol
Add the “Microsoft TCP/IP version 6” protocol when configuring the properties of a LAN connection in Network Connections
Execute netsh interface ipv6 install at a command prompt
Configure
IPv6 is self-configuring
For manual configuration, use commands in the netsh interface ipv6 context

20. IPv6-enabled Utilities
Ipconfig
Route
Ping
Tracert
Pathping
Netstat

21. IPv6 Command Line Utilities
Netsh.exe
interface ipv6
interface ipv6 6to4
interface ipv6 isatap
interface portproxy
Ipsec6.exe

22. Review
Architecture of the IPv6 protocol for the Windows .NET Server family
Features of the IPv6 protocol for the Windows .NET Server family
IPv6-enabled applications, application programming interfaces (APIs), and common utilities
IPv6 command-line utilities

23. Lesson 3
IPv6 Addressing

24. Lesson Objectives IPv6 address space IPv6 address syntax
Unicast IPv6 addresses
Multicast IPv6 addresses
Anycast IPv6 addresses
IPv6 interface identifiers
IPv4 addresses and IPv6 equivalents

25. The IPv6 Address Space 128-bit address space
2128 possible addresses
340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 addresses (3.4 x 1038)
128 bits were chosen to allow multiple levels of hierarchy and flexibility in designing hierarchical addressing and routing
Typical unicast IPv6 address:
64 bits for subnet ID, 64 bits for interface ID

26. Current Allocation Format Fraction of Allocation Prefix address space
Reserved /256
NSAP Allocation /128
Aggregatable Global Unicast 001 1/8
Link-Local Unicast /1024
Site-Local Unicast /1024
Multicast /256

27. IPv6 Address Syntax IPv6 address in binary form:
Divided along 16-bit boundaries:
Each 16-bit block is converted to hexadecimal and delimited with colons:
21DA:00D3:0000:2F3B:02AA:00FF:FE28:9C5A
Suppress leading zeros within each 16-bit block:
21DA:D3:0:2F3B:2AA:FF:FE28:9C5A

28. Compressing Zeros Some IPv6 addresses contain long sequences of zeros
A single contiguous sequence of 16-bit blocks set to 0 can be compressed to “::” (double-colon)
Example:
FE80:0:0:0:2AA:FF:FE9A:4CA2 becomes FE80::2AA:FF:FE9A:4CA2
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 becomes FF02::2
Cannot use zero compression to include part of a 16-bit block
FF02:30:0:0:0:0:0:5 does not become FF02:3::5.

29. IPv6 Prefixes
Prefix is the part of the address where the bits have fixed values or are the bits of a route or subnet identifier
IPv6 subnets or routes always uses address/prefix-length notation
CIDR notation
Examples:
21DA:D3::/48 for a route
21DA:D3:0:2F3B::/64 for a subnet
No more dotted decimal subnet masks

30. Types of IPv6 Addresses Unicast Multicast Anycast
Address of a single interface
One-to-one delivery to single interface
Multicast
Address of a set of interfaces
One-to-many delivery to all interfaces in the set
Anycast
One-to-one-of-many delivery to a single interface in the set that is closest
No more broadcast addresses

31. Unicast IPv6 Addresses Aggregatable global unicast addresses
Link-local addresses
Site-local addresses
Special addresses
Compatibility addresses
NSAP addresses

32. Aggregatable Global Unicast Addresses
Top-Level Aggregation ID (TLA ID)
Next-Level Aggregation ID (NLA ID)
Site-Level Aggregation ID (SLA ID)
Interface ID
13 bits
8 bits
24 bits
16 bits
64 bits
001
TLA ID
Res
NLA ID
SLA ID
Interface ID

33. Topologies Within Global Addresses
Public Topology
Site Topology
Interface ID
001
TLA ID
Res
NLA ID
SLA ID
Interface ID
48 bits
16 bits
64 bits
Public Topology
Site Topology
Interface Identifier

34. Local-Use Unicast Addresses
Link-local addresses
Used between on-link neighbors and for Neighbor Discovery
Site-local addresses
Used between nodes in the same site

35. Link-Local Addresses Format Prefix 1111 1110 10
FE80::/64 prefix
Used for local link only
Single subnet, no router
Address autoconfiguration
Neighbor Discovery
10 bits
54 bits
64 bits
Interface ID

36. Site-Local Addresses Format Prefix 1111 1110 11
FEC0::/48 prefix for site
Used for local site only
Replacement for IPv4 private addresses
Intranets not connected to the Internet
Routers do not forward site-local traffic outside the site
10 bits
38 bits
16 bits
64 bits
Subnet ID
Interface ID

37. Special IPv6 Addresses Unspecified address Loopback address
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 or ::
Loopback address
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or ::1

38. Compatibility Addresses
IPv4-compatible address
0:0:0:0:0:0:w.x.y.z or ::w.x.y.z
IPv4-mapped address
0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:w.x.y.z or ::FFFF:w.x.y.z
6over4 address
Interface ID of ::WWXX:YYZZ
6to4 address
Prefix of 2002:WWXX:YYZZ::/48
ISATAP address
Interface ID of ::0:5EFE:w.x.y.z

39. NSAP Addresses
7 bits
121 bits
NSAP-mapped address

40. Multicast IPv6 Addresses
Flags
Scope
Defined multicast addresses
All-Nodes addresses
FF01::1 (Node Local), FF02::1 (Link Local)
All-Routers addresses
FF01::2 (Node Local), FF02::2 (Link Local), FF05::2 (Site Local)
8 bits
4 bits
4 bits
112 bits
Flags
Scope
Group ID

41. Recommended Multicast IPv6 Addresses
Only 32 bits are used to indicate the Group ID
Single IPv6 multicast address maps to a single Ethernet multicast MAC address
8 bits
4 bits
4 bits
80 bits
32 bits
Flags
Scope
000 … 000
Group ID

42. Solicited-Node Address
64 bits
64 bits
Unicast prefix
Interface ID
24 bits
FF02:
0:0:0:0
:1:FF
Example:
For FE80::2AA:FF:FE28:9C5A, the corresponding solicited-node address is FF02::1:FF28:9C5A
Acts as a pseudo-unicast address for very efficient address resolution

43. Anycast IPv6 Addresses Not associated with any prefix
Summary and host routes are used to locate nearest anycast group member
Subnet router anycast address:
n bits
128 - n bits
Subnet Prefix

44. IPv6 Addresses for a Host
Unicast addresses:
A link-local address for each interface
Unicast addresses for each interface (site-local or global addresses)
A loopback address (::1)
Multicast addresses:
The node-local scope all-nodes multicast address (FF01::1)
The link-local scope all-nodes multicast address (FF02::1)
The solicited-node address for each unicast address
The multicast addresses of joined groups

45. IPv6 Addresses for a Router
Unicast addresses:
A link-local address for each interface
Unicast addresses for each interface
Loopback address (::1)
Anycast addresses
Subnet-router anycast address
Additional anycast addresses (optional)
Multicast addresses:
The node-local scope all-nodes multicast address (FF01::1)
The node-local scope all-routers multicast address (FF01::2)
The link-local scope all-nodes multicast address (FF02::1)
The link-local scope all-routers multicast address (FF02::2)
The site-local scope all-routers multicast address (FF05::2)
The solicited-node address for each unicast address
The multicast addresses of joined groups

46. Subnetting the IPv6 Address Space
Subdividing by using high-order bits that do not already have fixed values to create subnetted network prefixes
Two-step process:
1. Determine the number of bits to be used for the subnetting
2. Enumerate the new subnetted network prefixes

47. [16-bit prefix]:00 :: Subnetting for NLA IDs Hexadecimal method

48. [48-bit prefix]: :: Subnetting for SLA IDs Hexadecimal method

49. IPv6 Interface Identifiers
The last 64 bits of unicast IPv6 addresses
Interface identifier based on:
Extended Unique Identifier (EUI)-64 address
Either assigned to a network adapter card or derived from IEEE 802 addresses
Temporarily assigned, randomly generated value that changes over time
A value assigned by a stateful address configuration protocol
A value assigned during a Point-to-Point Protocol connection establishment
A manually configured value

50. IEEE 802 Addresses Company ID Extension ID U/L bit (u) U/G bit (g)
Universally (=0)/Locally (=1) Administered
U/G bit (g)
Unicast (=0)/Group (=1) Address
24 bits
24 bits
ccccccug cccccccc cccccccc
xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
IEEE-administered company ID
Manufacturer-selected extension ID

51. IEEE EUI-64 Addresses Extended Unique Identifier Company ID
Extension ID
ccccccug cccccccc cccccccc
24 bits
40 bits
xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
IEEE-administered company ID
Manufacturer-selected extension ID

52. Conversion of an IEEE 802 Address to an EUI-64 Address
IEEE-administered company ID
Manufacturer-selected extension ID
24 bits
24 bits
ccccccug cccccccc cccccccc
xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
IEEE 802 Address
ccccccug cccccccc cccccccc
xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
EUI-64 Address
0xFF
0xFE

53. Conversion of an EUI-64 Address to an IPv6 Interface ID
ccccccug cccccccc cccccccc
xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
Complement the universally/locally administered (U/L) bit
ccccccUg cccccccc cccccccc
xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
IPv6 Interface Identifier

54. Conversion of an IEEE 802 Address to an IPv6 Interface ID
IEEE-administered company ID
Manufacturer-selected extension ID
24 bits
24 bits
cccccc00 cccccccc cccccccc
xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
IEEE 802 Address
EUI-64 Address
cccccc00 cccccccc cccccccc
xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
0xFF
0xFE
cccccc10 cccccccc cccccccc
xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
IPv6 Interface Identifier
64 bits

55. IEEE 802 Address Conversion Example
Host A has the MAC address of 00-AA-00-3F-2A-1C
1. Convert to EUI-64 format
00-AA-00-FF-FE-3F-2A-1C
2. Complement the U/L bit
The first byte in binary form is When the seventh bit is complemented, it becomes (0x02).
Result is 02-AA-00-FF-FE-3F-2A-1C
3. Convert to colon hexadecimal notation
2AA:FF:FE3F:2A1C
Link-local address for node with the MAC address of 00-AA-00-3F-2A-1C is FE80::2AA:FF:FE3F:2A1C.

56. Temporary Address Interface Identifiers
Random IPv6 interface identifier
Prevent identification of traffic regardless of the prefix
Initial value based on random number
Future values based on MD5 hash of history value and EUI-64-based interface identifier
Result is a temporary address
Generated from public address prefixes using stateless address autoconfiguration
Changes over time

57. Mapping IPv6 Multicast Addresses to Ethernet Addresses8 16 24 32
FF...:
Ethernet
Multicast Address
33-33-

58. IPv4 Addresses and IPv6 Equivalents
IPv4 Address IPv6 Address
Internet address classes N/A
Multicast addresses ( /4) IPv6 multicast addresses (FF00::/8)
Broadcast addresses N/A
Unspecified address is Unspecified address is ::
Loopback address is Loopback address is ::1
Public IP addresses Aggregatable global unicast addresses
Private IP addresses Site-local addresses (FEC0::/48)
APIPA addresses Link-local addresses (FE80::/64)
Dotted decimal notation Colon hexadecimal format
Subnet mask or prefix length Prefix length notation only

59. Review IPv6 address space IPv6 address syntax Unicast IPv6 addresses
Multicast IPv6 addresses
Anycast IPv6 addresses
IPv6 interface identifiers
IPv4 addresses and IPv6 equivalents

60. Lesson 4
The IPv6 Header

61. Lesson Objectives Structure of an IPv6 packet IPv4 header IPv6 header
IPv6 extension headers
IPv6 MTU
Upper layer checksums

62. Structure of an IPv6 Packet
Header
Extension
Headers
Upper Layer
Protocol Data Unit
Payload
IPv6 Packet

63. Structure of the IPv4 Header
Version
Internet Header Length
Type of Service
Total Length
Identification
Flags
Fragment Offset
Time to Live
Protocol
Header Checksum
Source Address
Destination Address
Options
. . .

64. Structure of the IPv6 Header
Version
Traffic Class
Flow Label
Payload Length
Next Header
Hop Limit
Source Address
Destination Address

65. Values of the Next Header Field
Value Header
0 Hop-by-Hop Options Header
6 TCP
17 UDP
41 Encapsulated IPv6 Header
43 Routing Header
44 Fragment Header
50 Encapsulating Security Payload
51 Authentication Header
58 ICMPv6
59 No next header
60 Destination Options Header

66. Comparing the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers
IPv4 Header Field Change in IPv6
Version New value of 6
Internet Header Length Removed
Type of Service Traffic Class field
Total Length Payload Length field
Identification Removed to Fragment header
Fragmentation Flags Removed to Fragment header
Fragment Offset Removed to Fragment header
Time to Live Hop Limit field
Protocol Next Header field
Header Checksum Removed
Source Address Same, new 128-bit length
Destination Address Same, new 128-bit length
Options Removed (extension headers)

67. The Chain of Pointers Formed by the Next Header field
IPv6 Header
Next Header = 6 (TCP)
TCP Segment
IPv6 Header
Next Header = 43 (Routing)
Routing Header
Next Header = 6 (TCP)
TCP Segment
IPv6 Header
Next Header = 43 (Routing)
Routing Header
Next Header = 51 (AH)
Authentication Header
Next Header = 6 (TCP)
TCP Segment

68. Extension Headers Order
1. Hop-by-Hop Options header
2. Destination Options header (for intermediate destinations when the Routing header is present)
3. Routing header
4. Fragment header
5. Authentication header
6. Encapsulating Security Payload header
7. Destination Options header (for the final destination)

69. Structure of the Hop-by-Hop Options Header
Next Header
Header Extension Length
Options
. . .

70. Structure of an Option
Option Type
Option Length
Option data
. . .

71. Structure of the Pad1 Option
Option Type
= 0

72. Structure of the PadN Option
Option Type
Option Length
Option data
= 1
. . .

73. Structure of the Jumbo Payload Option
Option Type
Option Length
Jumbo Payload Length
= 194
= 4

74. Structure of the Router Alert Option
Option Type
Option Length
Router Alert Value
= 5
= 2
= 0

75. Structure of the Destination Options Header
Next Header
Header Extension Length
Options
. . .

76. Structure of the Binding Update Option
Option Type
Option Length
Flags
Reserved
Prefix Length
Sequence Number
Lifetime
Sub-Options
= 198
. . .

77. Structure of the Binding Acknowledgement Option
Option Type
Option Length
Status
Sequence Number
Lifetime
Refresh
Sub-Options
= 7
. . .

78. Structure of the Binding Request Option
Option Type
Option Length
Sub-Options
= 8
. . .

79. Structure of the Home Address Option
Option Type
Option Length
Home Address
Sub-Options
= 201
. . .

80. Structure of the Routing Header
Next Header
Header Extension Length
Routing Type
Segments Left
Routing type-specific data
. . .

81. Structure of the Routing Type 0 Header
Next Header
Header Extension Length
Routing Type
Segments Left
Reserved
Address 1
Address N
. . .
= 0

82. Structure of the Fragment Header
Next Header
Reserved
Fragment Offset
More Fragments Flag
Identification

83. IPv6 Fragmentation Process
Original IPv6 Packet
Unfragmentable part
Fragmentable part
Unfragmentable part
Fragment header
First fragment
Unfragmentable part
Fragment header
Second fragment
Unfragmentable part
Fragment header
Third fragment

84. IPv6 Reassembly Process
Unfragmentable part
Fragment header
Fragmentable part
Unfragmentable part
Fragment header
Fragmentable part
Unfragmentable part
Fragment header
Fragmentable part
Unfragmentable part
Fragmentable part
Original IPv6 Packet

85. Structure of the Authentication Header
Next Header
Payload Length
Reserved
Security Parameters Index
Sequence Number
Authentication Data
. . .

86. Structure of the ESP Header and Trailer
Security Parameters Index
Sequence Number
Payload Data
Padding
Padding Length
Next Header
Authentication Data
. . .
. . .
. . .

87. IPv6 MTU Link layer must support a 1280-byte MTU
Otherwise, link layer must use a transparent fragmentation and reassembly scheme
For configurable MTU link layers, MTU size of at least 1500 bytes
Example: Maximum Receive Unit (MRU) of a Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) link
Path MTU Discovery process uses the ICMPv6 Packet Too Big message

88. Structure of the IPv6 Pseudo-Header
Source Address
Destination Address
Upper Layer Packet Length
Zero
Next Header
= 0

89. Review Structure of an IPv6 packet IPv4 header IPv6 header
IPv6 extension headers
IPv6 MTU
Upper layer checksums

90. Lesson 5
ICMPv6

91. Lesson Objectives
Purpose of ICMPv6 and the structure of all ICMPv6 messages
ICMPv6 error messages
ICMPv6 informational messages used for diagnostics
Common ICMPv4 messages and their ICMPv6 equivalents
IPv6 Path MTU discovery process

92. Overview of ICMPv6
Updated version of the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) for IPv6
Reports delivery or forwarding errors and a simple echo service for troubleshooting
Provides a framework for:
Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD)
Neighbor Discovery (ND)
IPv6 mobility

93. Types of ICMPv6 Messages
Error messages
Sent for errors encountered in forwarding or delivery by the destination node or an intermediate router
The high order bit of the Type field is set to 0
Type field is in the range of
Informational messages
Provide diagnostic functions and additional host functionality
The high order bit of the Type field is set to 1
Type field is in the range of

94. Structure of ICMPv6 Messages
Type
Code
Checksum
Message body
. . .

95. ICMPv6 Error Messages Destination Unreachable Packet Too Big
Time Exceeded
Parameter Problem
ICMPv6 Error messages are rate limited
By timer
By percentage of bandwidth

96. Structure of the Destination Unreachable Message
Type
Code
Checksum
Unused
Portion of discarded packet
= 1
= 0 - 4
. . .

97. Structure of the Packet Too Big Message
Type
Code
Checksum
MTU
Portion of discarded packet
= 2
= 0
. . .

98. Structure of the Time Exceeded Message
Type
Code
Checksum
Unused
Portion of discarded packet
= 3
= 0 or 1
. . .

99. Structure of the Parameter Problem Message
Type
Code
Checksum
Pointer
Portion of discarded packet
= 4
= 0 - 2
. . .

100. ICMPv6 Informational Messages
Echo Request
Echo Reply
Additional informational messages for ND, MLD, and IPv6 mobility

101. Structure of the Echo Request Message
Type
Code
Checksum
Identifier
Sequence Number
Data
= 128
= 0
. . .

102. Structure of the Echo Reply Message
Type
Code
Checksum
Identifier
Sequence Number
Data
= 129
= 0
. . .

103. ICMPv4 Messages and their ICMPv6 Equivalents
Common ICMPv4 Message
Destination Unreachable- Network unreachable (Type 3, Code 0)
Destination Unreachable-Protocol unreachable (Type 3, Code 2)
Destination Unreachable-Port unreachable (Type 3, Code 3)
Destination Unreachable-Fragmentation needed and DF set (Type 3, Code 4)
Time Exceeded-TTL expired (Type 11, Code 0)
Parameter Problem (Type 12, Code 0)
Source Quench (Type 4, Code 0)
Redirect (Type 5, Code 0)
ICMPv6 Equivalent
Destination Unreachable-No route to destination (Type 1, Code 0)
Parameter Problem-Unrecognized Next Header field (Type 4, Code 1)
Destination Unreachable-Port unreachable (Type 1, Code 4)
Packet Too Big (Type 2, Code 0)
Time Exceeded-Hop Limit exceeded (Type 3, Code 0)
Parameter Problem (Type 4, Code 0 or 2)
This message is not present in IPv6.
Neighbor Discovery Redirect message (Type 137, Code 0).

104. Path MTU Discovery Process
1. The sending node assumes the link MTU of the interface on which the traffic is being forwarded.
2. The sending node sends IPv6 packets at the link MTU size.
3. A router on the path unable to forward the packet sends an ICMP Packet Too Big message back to the sending node containing the link MTU of the link on which the forwarding failed.
4. The sending node resets the PMTU to the value of the MTU field in the ICMPv6 Packet Too Big message.

105. Changes in PMTU Set PMTU to destination to link MTU.
Send packet at PMTU size.
ICMPv6 Packet
Too Big message
received?
Yes No
Set PMTU to destination to the value of the MTU field in the Packet Too Big message.
Is PMTU to destination
less than the link MTU?
Has PMTU timer expired?

106. Review Purpose of ICMPv6 and the structure of all ICMPv6 messages
ICMPv6 error messages
ICMPv6 informational messages used for diagnostics
Common ICMPv4 messages and their ICMPv6 equivalents
IPv6 Path MTU discovery process

107. Lesson 6
Neighbor Discovery

108. Lesson Objectives Neighbor Discovery functions
Neighbor Discovery options
Neighbor Discovery messages
Address resolution, neighbor unreachability detection, duplicate address detection, router discovery, and redirect processes
Host sending algorithm

109. Neighbor Discovery Overview
Set of messages and processes that determine relationships between neighboring nodes
Replaces ARP, ICMPv4 Router Discovery, and ICMPv4 Redirect
ND is used by nodes:
For address resolution
To determine link-layer address changes
To determine neighbor reachability
ND is used by hosts:
To discover neighboring routers
Autoconfigure addresses, address prefixes, and other configuration parameters
ND is used by routers:
To advertise their presence, host configuration parameters, and on-link prefixes
To inform hosts of a better next-hop address to forward packets for a specific destination

110. Neighbor Discovery Processes
Router discovery
Prefix discovery
Parameter discovery
Address autoconfiguration
Address resolution
Next-hop determination
Neighbor unreachability detection
Duplicate address detection
Redirect function

111. Neighbor Discovery Message Format
ICMPv6 message structure and ICMPv6 types 133 through 137
To ensure local link traffic, all ND messages are sent with a hop limit of 255
Neighbor Discovery Message
IPv6 Header
Next Header = 58
(ICMPv6)
Neighbor Discovery Message
Header
Neighbor Discovery Message Options

112. Neighbor Discovery Option Format
ND options are formatted in Type-Length-Value (TLV) format
Type
Length
Value
. . .

113. Neighbor Discovery Options
Type 1: Source Link-Layer Address
Type 2: Target Link-Layer Address
Type 3: Prefix Information
Type 4: Redirected Header
Type 5: MTU
Type 7: Advertisement Interval
Type 8: Home Agent Information
Type 9: Route Information

114. Structure of the Source and Target Link-Layer Address Options
Type 1: Source Link-Layer Address option
Type 2: Target Link-Layer Address option
Source and Target Link-Layer Address options for Ethernet
Type
Length
Link-Layer Address
. . .
Type
Length
Ethernet MAC Address
= 1

115. Structure of the Prefix Information Option
Type
Length
Prefix Length
On-Link flag
Autonomous flag
Router Address flag
Site prefix flag
Reserved1
Valid Lifetime
Preferred Lifetime
Reserved2
Site Prefix Length
Prefix
= 3
= 4

116. Structure of the Redirected Header Option
Type
Length
Reserved
Portion of redirected packet
= 4
. . .

117. Mixed Media Configuration
Host A
Ethernet Switch
FDDI
Ethernet
Backbone
Host B
FDDI
Ethernet Switch

118. Structure of the MTU Option
Type
Length
Reserved
MTU
= 5
= 1

119. Structure of the Advertisement Interval Option
Type
Length
Reserved
Advertisement Interval
= 7
= 1

120. Structure of the Home Agent Information Option
Type
Length
Reserved
Home Agent Preference
Home Agent Lifetime
= 8
= 1

121. Structure of the Route Information Option
Type
Length
Prefix Length
Reserved 1
Preference
Reserved 2
Route Lifetime
Prefix
= 9

122. Example Configuration for Route Information Option
Subnet 1
Router 2
Router 1
Subnet 2
Rest of IPv6 network

123. Neighbor Discovery Messages
Router Solicitation
Router Advertisement
Neighbor Solicitation
Neighbor Advertisement
Redirect

124. Structure of the Router Solicitation Message
Type
Code
Checksum
Reserved
Options
= 133
= 0
. . .

125. Structure of the Router Advertisement Message
Type
Code
Checksum
Current Hop Limit
Managed Address Configuration flag
Other Stateful Configuration flag
Home Agent flag
Default Router Preference
Reserved
Router Lifetime
Reachable Time
Retrans Timer
Options
= 134
= 0
. . .

126. Structure of the Neighbor Solicitation Message
Type
Code
Checksum
Reserved
Target Address
Options
= 135
= 0
. . .

127. Neighbor Solicitation Message Example
+ Frame: Base frame properties
ETHERNET: ETYPE = 0x86DD : Protocol = Unknown
+ ETHERNET: Destination address : 3333FF026EA5
+ ETHERNET: Source address : 00105AAA20A2
ETHERNET: Frame Length : 86 (0x0056)
ETHERNET: Ethernet Type : 0x86DD
ETHERNET: Ethernet Data: Number of data bytes remaining = 72 (0x0048)
IP6: Proto = ICMP6; Len = 32
IP6: Version = 6 (0x6)
IP6: Traffic Class = 0 (0x0)
IP6: Flow Label = 0 (0x0)
IP6: Payload Length = 32 (0x20)
IP6: Next Header = 58 (ICMP6)
IP6: Hop Limit = 255 (0xFF)
IP6: Source Address = fe80::210:5aff:feaa:20a2
IP6: Destination Address = ff02::1:ff02:6ea5
IP6: Payload: Number of data bytes remaining = 32 (0x0020)
ICMP6: Neighbor Solicitation; Target = fe80::260:97ff:fe02:6ea5
ICMP6: Checksum = 0x0F35
ICMP6: Type = 135 (Neighbor Solicitation)
ICMP6: Code = 0 (0x0)
ICMP6: Reserved
ICMP6: Target Address = fe80::260:97ff:fe02:6ea5
ICMP6: Source Link-level Address = A AA 20 A2
ICMP6: Type = 1 (0x1)
ICMP6: Length = 1 (0x1)
+ Frame: Base frame properties
ETHERNET: ETYPE = 0x86DD : Protocol = Unknown
+ ETHERNET: Destination address : 3333FF026EA5
+ ETHERNET: Source address : 00105AAA20A2
ETHERNET: Frame Length : 86 (0x0056)
ETHERNET: Ethernet Type : 0x86DD
ETHERNET: Ethernet Data: Number of data bytes remaining = 72 (0x0048)
IP6: Proto = ICMP6; Len = 32
IP6: Version = 6 (0x6)
IP6: Traffic Class = 0 (0x0)
IP6: Flow Label = 0 (0x0)
IP6: Payload Length = 32 (0x20)
IP6: Next Header = 58 (ICMP6)
IP6: Hop Limit = 255 (0xFF)
IP6: Source Address = fe80::210:5aff:feaa:20a2
IP6: Destination Address = ff02::1:ff02:6ea5
IP6: Payload: Number of data bytes remaining = 32 (0x0020)
ICMP6: Neighbor Solicitation; Target = fe80::260:97ff:fe02:6ea5
ICMP6: Checksum = 0x0F35
ICMP6: Type = 135 (Neighbor Solicitation)
ICMP6: Code = 0 (0x0)
ICMP6: Reserved
ICMP6: Target Address = fe80::260:97ff:fe02:6ea5
ICMP6: Source Link-level Address = A AA 20 A2
ICMP6: Type = 1 (0x1)
ICMP6: Length = 1 (0x1)

128. Structure of the Neighbor Advertisement Message
Type
Code
Checksum
Router flag
Solicited flag
Override flag
Reserved
Target Address
Options
= 136
= 0
. . .

129. Structure of the Redirect Message
Type
Code
Checksum
Reserved
Target Address
Destination Address
Options
= 137
= 0
. . .

130. Summary of ND Messages and Options
ND Message ND Option(s)
Router Solicitation Source Link-Layer Address
Router Advertisement Source Link-Layer Address
Prefix Information
MTU
Advertisement Interval
Home Agent Information
Route Information
Neighbor Solicitation Source Link-Layer Address
Neighbor Advertisement Target Link-Layer Address
Redirect Redirected Header
Target Link-Layer Address

131. Neighbor Discovery Processes
ND provides message exchanges for the following processes:
Address resolution (including duplicate address detection)
Router discovery (including prefix and parameter discovery)
Neighbor unreachability detection
Redirect function

132. Conceptual Host Data Structures
Neighbor cache
Stores the on-link IPv6 address of a neighbor, its corresponding link-layer address, and an indication of the neighbor’s reachability state
Equivalent to the ARP cache in IPv4
Destination cache
Stores information on the next-hop IPv6 addresses for destinations to which traffic has recently been sent
Prefix list
Lists on-link prefixes
Default router list
Lists addresses corresponding to on-link routers that advertise themselves as default routers

133. RFC 2461 Conceptual Host Data Structures
Destination Cache
Destination
Next-Hop Address
PMTU
Neighbor Cache
Link Layer Address
Next-Hop Address
State
Prefix List
Default Router List

134. Address Resolution Process
An exchange of Neighbor Solicitation and Neighbor Advertisement messages to resolve the link-layer address of the next-hop address
Multicast Neighbor Solicitation message
Unicast Neighbor Advertisement message
Both hosts update their neighbor caches
Unicast traffic can now be sent

135. Multicast Neighbor Solicitation
Ethernet Header
Destination MAC is FF-02-6E-A5
IPv6 Header
Source Address is FE80::210:5AFF:FEAA:20A2
Destination Address is FF02::1:FF02:6EA5
Hop limit is 255
Neighbor Solicitation Header
Target Address is FE80::260:97FF:FE02:6EA5
Neighbor Discovery Option
Source Link-Layer Address is A-AA-20-A2
Host A
MAC: A-AA-20-A2
IP: FE80::210:5AFF:FEAA:20A2
 Send multicast Neighbor Solicitation
Neighbor Solicitation
MAC: E-A5
IP: FE80::260:97FF:FE02:6EA5
Host B

136. Unicast Neighbor Advertisement
Ethernet Header
Destination MAC is A-AA-20-A2
IPv6 Header
Source Address is FE80::260:97FF:FE02:6EA5
Destination Address is FE80::210:5AFF:FEAA:20A2
Hop limit is 255
Neighbor Advertisement Header
Target Address is FE80::260:97FF:FE02:6EA5
Neighbor Discovery Option
Target Link-Layer Address is E-A5
Host A
MAC: A-AA-20-A2
IP: FE80::210:5AFF:FEAA:20A2
‚ Send unicast Neighbor Advertisement
Neighbor Advertisement
MAC: E-A5
IP: FE80::260:97FF:FE02:6EA5
Host B

137. Neighbor Unreachability Detection
A neighboring node is reachable if:
There has been a recent confirmation that IPv6 packets sent were received and processed by the neighboring node
Detects whether the first hop to the destination is reachable
Reachability is determined by:
Receipt of a Neighbor Advertisement message in response to a unicast Neighbor Solicitation message
Upper layer protocol indicators

138. Neighbor Unreachability States
Send multicast Neighbor Solicitation
INCOMPLETE
NO ENTRY EXISTS
Unicast Neighbor Solicitation retries exceeded
Multicast Neighbor Solicitation retries exceeded
Receive solicited
Neighbor Advertisement
REACHABLE
Reachable Time exceeded
or unsolicited Neighbor
Advertisement received
STALE
Reachability confirmed
by sending unicast Neighbor
Solicitation and receiving solicited Neighbor Advertisement
Reachability
confirmed by
upper layer protocol
Send packet
DELAY
Delay time exceeded
PROBE

139. Duplicate Address Detection
Use of a neighbor solicitation to detect a duplicate unicast address
Target Address field in the Neighbor Solicitation message is set to the IPv6 address for which duplication is being detected
The Source Address is set to the unspecified address (::)
For a duplicate address, the defending node replies with a multicast Neighbor Advertisement
The Destination Address is set to the link-local scope all-nodes multicast address (FF02::1)

140. Multicast Neighbor Solicitation for Duplicate Address Detection
Ethernet Header
Dest MAC is FF-52-F9-D8
IPv6 Header
Source Address is ::
Destination Address is FF02::1:FF52:F9D8
Hop limit is 255
Neighbor Solicitation Header
Target Address is FEC0::2:260:8FF:FE52:F9D8
Host A
Tentative IP: FEC0::2:260:8FF:FE52:F9D8
 Send multicast Neighbor Solicitation
Neighbor Solicitation
MAC: F9-D8
IP: FEC0::2:260:8FF:FE52:F9D8
Host B

141. Multicast Neighbor Advertisement for a Duplicate Address
Ethernet Header
Destination MAC is
IPv6 Header
Source Address is FEC0::2:260:8FF:FE52:F9D8
Destination Address is FF02::1
Hop limit is 255
Neighbor Advertisement Header
Target Address is FEC0::2:260:8FF:FE52:F9D8
Neighbor Discovery Option
Target Link-Layer Address is F9-D8
Host A
Tentative IP: FEC0::2:260:8FF:FE52:F9D8
‚ Send multicast Neighbor Advertisement
Neighbor Advertisement
MAC: F9-D8
IP: FEC0::2:260:8FF:FE52:F9D8
Host B

142. Router Discovery Nodes discover the set of routers on the local link
IPv6 router discovery also provides:
Default value of Hop Limit field
Use of stateful address protocol
Reachability and retransmission timers
Network prefixes for the link
MTU of the local link
IPv6 mobility information
Routes

143. Multicast Router Solicitation Message
Ethernet Header
Destination MAC is
IPv6 Header
Source Address is ::
Destination Address is FF02::2
Hop limit is 255
Router Solicitation Header
Host A
MAC: 00-B0-D0-E
IP: none
 Send multicast Router Solicitation
Router Solicitation
MAC: FF-D6-58-C0
IP: FE80::210:FFFF:FED6:58C0
Router

144. Multicast Router Advertisement Message
Ethernet Header
Destination MAC is
IPv6 Header
Source Address is FE80::210:FFFF:FED6:58C0
Destination Address is FF02::1
Hop limit is 255
Router Advertisement Header
Current Hop Limit, Flags, Router Lifetime, Reachable and Retransmission Timers
Neighbor Discovery Options
Source Link-Layer Address is FF-D6-58-C0
MTU is 1500
Prefix Information is for FEC0:0:0:F282::/64
Host A
MAC: 00-B0-D0-E
IP: none
Router Advertisement
‚ Send multicast Router Advertisement
MAC: FF-D6-58-C0
IP: FE80::210:FFFF:FED6:58C0
Router

145. Redirect Function
Inform originating hosts of a better first-hop neighbor to which traffic should be forwarded for a specific destination
Two instances:
1. A router informs an originating host of the IP address of a router available on the local link that is “closer” to the destination
2. A router informs an originating host that the destination is a neighbor (it is on the same link as the originating host)
Redirect message contains best first-hop address information
Redirect messages are only sent by the first router in the path between the originating host and the destination

146. Unicast Packet to the Router
Ethernet Header
Destination MAC is 00-AA
IPv6 Header
Source Address is FEC0::1:2AA:FF:FE11:1111
Destination Address is FEC0::2:2AA:FF:FE99:9999
Host A
MAC: 00-AA
IP: FEC0::1:2AA:FF:FE11:1111
FE80::2AA:FF:FE11:1111
Unicast Packet
 Send unicast packet
MAC: 00-AA
IP: FEC0::1:2AA:FF:FE22:2222
FE80::2AA:FF:FE22:2222
MAC: 00-AA
IP: FEC0::1:2AA:FF:FE33:3333
FE80::2AA:FF:FE33:3333
Router 2
Router 3

147. Redirect Message Sent by the Router
Ethernet Header
Destination MAC is 00-AA
IPv6 Header
Source Address is FE80::2AA:FF:FE22:2222
Destination Address is FEC0::1:2AA:FF:FE11:1111
Hop limit is 255
Redirect Header
Target Address is FE80::2AA:FF:FE33:3333
Destination Address is FEC0::2:2AA:FF:FE99:9999
Neighbor Discovery Options
Target Link-Layer Address is 00-AA
Redirected Header
Host A
MAC: 00-AA
IP: FEC0::1:2AA:FF:FE11:1111
FE80::2AA:FF:FE11:1111
‚ Send unicast Redirect
Redirect
MAC: 00-AA
IP: FEC0::1:2AA:FF:FE22:2222
FE80::2AA:FF:FE22:2222
MAC: 00-AA
IP: FEC0::1:2AA:FF:FE33:3333
FE80::2AA:FF:FE33:3333
Router 2
Router 3

148. Unicast Packet Forwarded by the Router
Ethernet Header
Destination MAC is 00-AA
IPv6 Header
Source Address is FEC0::1:2AA:FF:FE11:1111
Destination Address is FEC0::2:2AA:FF:FE99:9999
Host A
MAC: 00-AA
IP: FEC0::1:2AA:FF:FE11:1111
FE80::2AA:FF:FE11:1111
Unicast Packet
ƒ Forward unicast packet
MAC: 00-AA
IP: FEC0::1:2AA:FF:FE22:2222
FE80::2AA:FF:FE22:2222
MAC: 00-AA
IP: FEC0::1:2AA:FF:FE33:3333
FE80::2AA:FF:FE33:3333
Router 2
Router 3

149. Host Sending Algorithm
1. Determine the next-hop address for the destination
Check the destination cache
If the destination address matches a prefix in the prefix list, next-hop address is destination address
If the destination address does not match a prefix in the prefix list, next-hop address is the default router address
2. Determine the link-layer address for the next-hop address
Check the neighbor cache
Use address resolution to obtain the link-layer address for the next-hop address
3. Send the packet using the link-layer address of the next-hop address

150. Host Sending Algorithm
Check destination cache for an entry
matching the destination address.
Check neighbor cache for an entry
matching the next-hop address.
Entry found
in destination cache?
Yes No
Obtain next-hop address from
destination cache or care-of destination cache entry.
Is next-hop
address entry in
neighbor cache?
Yes No
Send packet using link-layer address
of neighbor cache entry.
Update neighbor cache.
Check prefix list for a prefix that
matches the destination address.
Update destination cache.
Use address resolution process to
determine the link-layer address
of the next-hop address.
Does the
destination address
match a prefix in the
prefix list?
Yes No
Set the next-hop address to
the destination address.
Is there a
default router? No
Yes
Was
address resolution
successful?
Yes No
Indicate an error.
Set the next-hop address to
the default router address.

151. IPv4 Neighbor Functions and IPv6 Equivalents
IPv4 Neighbor Function IPv6 Neighbor Function
ARP Request message Neighbor Solicitation message
ARP Reply message Neighbor Advertisement message
ARP cache Neighbor cache
Gratuitous ARP Duplicate address detection
Router Solicitation message (optional) Router Solicitation (required)
Router Advertisement message (optional) Router Advertisement (required)
Redirect message Redirect message

152. Review Neighbor Discovery functions Neighbor Discovery options
Neighbor Discovery messages
Address resolution, neighbor unreachability detection, duplicate address detection, router discovery, and Redirect processes
Host sending algorithm

153. Multicast Listener Discovery
Lesson 7
Multicast Listener Discovery

154. Lesson Objectives Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) protocol
Multicast communication for IPv6 hosts and routers
MLD messages

155. Overview of Multicast Listener Discovery
IPv6 equivalent of Internet Group Management Protocol version 2 (IGMPv2) for IPv4
Enables routers to discover the set of multicast addresses for which there are listening nodes for each attached interface

156. IPv6 Multicast Overview
Multicast provides one-to-many delivery
The set of hosts listening on a specific IPv6 multicast address is called a multicast group
Multicast group membership is dynamic, and hosts can join and leave the group at any time
There are no limitations to the size of a multicast group
A multicast group can span IPv6 routers across multiple subnets
A host can send traffic to a multicast address without being a member of the group

157. Host Support for Multicast
To send multicast packets:
Determine the IPv6 multicast address to use
Place the IPv6 multicast packet on the medium
To receive multicast packets:
Inform IPv6 to receive multicast traffic
Register the multicast MAC address with the network adapter
Inform local routers

158. Router Support for Multicast
Receive all IPv6 multicast traffic
Forward IPv6 multicast traffic
Receive and process MLD Multicast Listener Report and Multicast Listener Done messages
Query attached subnets for host membership status
Communicate group membership to other IPv6 multicast routers

159. Structure of an MLD Message Packet
IPv6 Header
Next Header = 0
(Hop-by-hop Options)
Hop-by-Hop Options Header
IPv6 Router Alert Option
Next Header = 58 (ICMPv6)
MLD Message

160. Structure of the Multicast Listener Query Message
Type
Code
Checksum
Maximum Response Delay
Unused
Multicast Address
= 130
= 0
= 0

161. Structure of the Multicast Listener Report Message
Type
Code
Checksum
Maximum Response Delay
Unused
Multicast Address
= 131
= 0
= 0
= 0

162. Structure of the Multicast Listener Done Message
Type
Code
Checksum
Maximum Response Delay
Unused
Multicast Address
= 132
= 0
= 0
= 0

163. Review Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) protocol
Multicast communication for IPv6 hosts and routers
MLD messages

164. Address Autoconfiguration
Lesson 8
Address Autoconfiguration

165. Lesson Objectives Address autoconfiguration in IPv6
States of an autoconfigured address
Types of autoconfiguration
Address autoconfiguration process

166. Address Autoconfiguration Overview
IPv6 interfaces can automatically configure themselves
Even without a stateful configuration protocol such as Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)
By default, link-local address for each interface
By using router discovery, a host can determine:
Additional addresses
Router addresses
Other configuration parameters

167. Autoconfigured Address States
Tentative
The address is in the process of being verified as unique
Valid
An address from which unicast traffic can be sent and received
Preferred state
An address for which uniqueness has been verified, unrestricted use
Deprecated state
An address that is still valid, but is discouraged for new communication
Invalid
An address for which a node can no longer send or receive unicast traffic

168. States of an Autoconfigured Address
Valid
Tentative
Preferred
Deprecated
Invalid
time
Preferred Lifetime
Valid Lifetime

169. Types of Autoconfiguration
1. Stateless
Receipt of Router Advertisement messages with one or more Prefix Information options
2. Stateful
Use of a stateful address configuration protocol such as DHCPv6
3. Both
Receipt of Router Advertisement messages and stateful configuration protocol
For all types, a link-local address is always configured

170. Autoconfiguration Process
Configure link-local address
Perform duplicate address detection
Perform router discovery
Use Router Advertisements to determine:
Configuration parameters
Stateless addresses and on-link prefixes
For stateless addresses, perform duplicate address detection
Whether to use stateful address configuration

171. Address Autoconfiguration-Part 1
Router
Advertisement
response
received? No
Yes
Derive link-local address:
FE80::[interface ID]
Set Hop Limit, Reachable Time,
Retrans Timer, MTU.
Send multicast
Neighbor Solicitation with
Target Address set to
derived link-local address.
Are Prefix
Information
options
present?
Yes No A
Neighbor
Advertisement
response
received?
Yes No
Stop address autoconfiguration. B
Is Managed
Address
Configuration flag
set to 1? No
Yes
Initialize link-local address.
Send Router Solicitation. Is
Other
Stateful
Configuration
flag set
to 1?
Yes No
Use stateful address
configuration protocol.
Use stateful address
configuration protocol.
Stop address autoconfiguration.

172. Address Autoconfiguration-Part 2
Send multicast Neighbor
Solicitation with Target Address
set to derived stateless address.
Neighbor
Advertisement
response
received? No
Yes
Get first Prefix Information option.
Do not initialize
stateless address.
Go to next Prefix Information option.
Is On-Link flag
set to 1?
Yes No
Add prefix to prefix list.
Initialize stateless address.
Are there
more
Prefix Information
options to
process? No
Yes Is
Autonomous
flag
set to 1? No
Yes B
Derive stateless address:
Prefix+interface ID

173. Autoconfigured Addresses for Windows
Link-local addresses
Site-local and global addresses
For router advertisement with prefixes received on a LAN interface
6to4 addresses
Assigned to the 6to4 Tunneling Pseudo Interface
ISATAP addresses
Link-local
Site-local and global for router advertisement with prefixes received on Automatic Tunneling Pseudo-Interface
Loopback address

174. Review Address autoconfiguration in IPv6
States of an autoconfigured address
Types of autoconfiguration
Address autoconfiguration process

175. IPv6 and Name Resolution
Lesson 9
IPv6 and Name Resolution

176. Lesson Objectives IPv6 name-to-address and address-to-name resolution
IPv6 name resolution support in Windows

177. DNS Enhancements for IPv6
RFC 1886
DNS extensions to support IP version 6
Name to address records
AAAA record type (equivalent to IPv4 A record)
Example record:
host1.microsoft.com IN AAAA FEC0::1:2AA:FF:FE3F:2A1C
Address to name records
New reverse domain called IP6.INT.
C.1.A.2.F.3.E.F.F.F.0.0.A.A C.E.F.IP6.INT. IN PTR host1.microsoft.com

178. Name Resolution Support for Windows
Static entries in the Hosts file
DNS Server service support for DNS over IPv6, AAAA records, and PTR records in the IP6.INT domain
DNS resolver support for DNS over IPv6, AAAA records, and DNS dynamic update for AAAA records
Address selection rules that determine which set of addresses to use based on the results of a DNS query
Linklocal Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR)

179. Review IPv6 name-to-address and address-to-name resolution
IPv6 name resolution support in Windows

180. Lesson 10
IPv6 Routing

181. Lesson Objectives Contents of the IPv6 routing table
End-to-end IPv6 packet delivery process
Dynamic routing and IPv6 routing protocols
Static IPv6 routing support in Windows

182. Routing in IPv6 A routing table is present on all nodes
Stores information about IPv6 network prefixes and how they can be reached
IPv6 checks destination cache first
If destination is not in the destination cache, the routing table is used to determine:
1. The interface to be used for the forwarding (the next-hop interface)
2. The next-hop address

183. IPv6 Routing Table Entry Types
Directly attached network routes
64-bit prefix length
Remote network routes
64-bit or lower prefix length
Host routes
128-bit prefix length
Default route
Prefix of ::/0

184. Route Determination Process
1. Find all matching routes in the routing table.
2. Select the route that has the longest prefix length (the longest matching route)
For multiple longest matching routes, select route with the lowest metric
For multiple longest matching routes with the lowest metric, IPv6 can choose the route to use

185. Sample Windows IPv6 Routing Table
Publish Type Met Prefix Idx Gateway/Interface Name
yes Manual ::/ to4 Tunneling Pseudo-Interface
no Autoconf fec0:0:0:f282::/ Intranet
no Autoconf ffe:2900:d005:f282::/ Intranet
no Autoconf ::/ fe80::210:ffff:fed6:58c0
2002::/16
6to4 route
fec0:0:0:f282::/64
Site-local subnet prefix, directly attached
3ffe:2900:d005:f282::/64
Global subnet prefix, directly attached
::/0
Default route

186. End-to-End Delivery Process
1. Sending host process
2. Router forwarding process
3. Receiving host process

187. Sending Host Process Set value of Hop Limit field.
Check destination cache for an entry
matching the destination address.
Check neighbor cache for an entry
matching the next-hop address.
Matching
entry found
in destination
cache?
Yes No
Obtain next-hop address from
destination cache entry.
Is next-hop
address entry in
neighbor cache?
Yes No
Send packet using link-layer address
of neighbor cache entry.
Update neighbor cache.
Check routing table for longest
matching route to the destination.
Update destination cache.
Use address resolution process to
determine the link-layer address
of the next-hop address.
Is there a longest
matching route? No
Yes
Set the next-hop address to
the destination address.
Was
address resolution
successful?
Yes No
Set the next-hop address to
the next-hop address of the route.
Indicate an error.

188. Router Forwarding Process-Part 1
Check destination cache for an entry
matching the destination address.
Check the destination address.
Matching
entry found
in destination
cache?
Yes No
Is destination
address assigned
to the router?
Yes
Obtain next-hop address from
destination cache entry.
Process packet as the destination. No
Check routing table for longest
matching route to the destination.
Decrement Hop Limit value by 1.
Is there a longest
matching route? No
Yes
Is Hop Limit > 0?
Send ICMPv6 Destination Unreachable-No Route to Destination message and discard packet.
Yes
Update Hop Limit field in IPv6 header. No
Set the next-hop address to
the next-hop address of the route.
Update destination cache.
Send ICMPv6 Time Exceeded-Hop Limit Exceeded in Transit message and discard packet.

189. Router Forwarding Process-Part 2
Is the
link MTU of the
next-hop interface less
than the size of
the packet?
Is next-hop
address entry in
neighbor cache?
Send ICMPv6 Packet Too Big message and discard packet.
Yes No
Yes
Send packet using link-layer address
of neighbor cache entry. No
Use address resolution to
determine the link-layer address
of the next-hop address.
Was
address resolution
successful?
Yes
Update neighbor cache. No
Send ICMPv6 Destination Unreachable-Address Unreachable message and discard packet.

190. Receiving Host Process
Receive the packet.
Is destination
address assigned to
a local interface?
Does the
protocol
for the Next Header
field value
exist?
Send ICMPv6 Parameter Problem-Unrecognized Next Header Type Encountered message and discard the packet.
Yes No
Process extension headers (if present). No
Yes
Silently discard the packet.
Is the upper
layer PDU a UDP
message?
Is there an
application listening
on the destination
UDP port?
Send ICMPv6 Destination Unreachable-Port Unreachable message and discard the packet.
Yes No
Yes No
Is the upper
layer PDU a TCP
segment?
Is there an
application listening
on the destination
TCP port?
Yes
Yes
Process contents. No No
Pass upper layer PDU to upper layer protocol.
Send TCP Connection Reset segment.

191. Dynamic Routing Overview
Static routing
Routing table entries are manually configured and do not change with changing network topology
Dynamic routing
Routing table entries are automatic configured and change with changing network topology
Routers use a routing protocol for ongoing communication

192. Routing Protocol Technologies
Distance vector
Routing information is network IDs and their “distances” (hop counts)
Link state
Routing information is link state advertisements (LSAs), consisting of a router’s attached network prefixes and their assigned costs
Path vector
Routing information is sequences of autonomous system numbers indicating the path for a route

193. Routing Protocols for IPv6
RIPng for IPv6
Distance vector
OSPF for IPv6
Link state
Integrated Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS) for IPv6
BGP-4
Path vector
Inter-Domain Routing Protocol version 2 (IDRPv2)

194. Static IPv6 Routing Support in Windows
Host B
Subnet 2
FEC0:0:0:2::/64
Router 1
Router 2
Subnet 1
Subnet 3
FEC0:0:0:1::/64
FEC0:0:0:3::/64
Host A
Host C

195. Review Contents of the IPv6 routing table
End-to-end IPv6 packet delivery process.
Dynamic routing and IPv6 routing protocols
Static IPv6 routing support in Windows

196. Coexistence and Migration
Lesson 11
Coexistence and Migration

197. Lesson Objectives Coexistence and migration overview
Coexistence mechanisms
Tunneling configurations
6over4
6to4
ISATAP
PortProxy
Migrating to IPv6

198. Coexistence and Migration Overview
The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 will take years
Some hosts will use IPv4 indefinitely
Migration is the long term goal, coexistence in the interim
Transition criteria:
Existing IPv4 hosts can be upgraded at any time independent of the upgrade of other hosts or routers
New hosts using only IPv6 can be added at any time without dependencies on other hosts or routing infrastructure
Existing IPv4 hosts with IPv6 installed can continue to use their IPv4 address and do not need additional addresses
Little preparation is needed to upgrade existing IPv4 nodes to IPv6 or to deploy new IPv6 nodes

199. Node Types IPv4-only node IPv6-only node IPv6/IPv4 node IPv4 node

200. Compatibility Addresses
IPv4-compatible addresses
::w.x.y.z
IPv4-mapped addresses
::FFFF:w.x.y.z
6over4 addresses
Interface ID of ::WWXX:YYZZ
6to4 addresses
Prefix of 2002:WWXX:YYZZ::/48
ISATAP addresses
Interface ID of ::0:5EFE:w.x.y.z

201. Coexistence Mechanisms
Dual IP layer
IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling
DNS infrastructure

202. Dual IP Layer Architecture
Application
Layer
Transport Layer (TCP/UDP)
IPv6
IPv4
Network
Interface Layer

203. Dual Stack Architecture
Application
Layer
TCP/UDP
TCP/UDP
IPv6
IPv4
Network
Interface Layer

204. IPv6 over IPv4 Tunneling IPv6 Packet IPv6 Header Extension Headers
Upper Layer Protocol Data Unit
IPv4 Header
IPv6 Header
Extension
Headers
Upper Layer Protocol Data Unit
IPv4 Packet

205. DNS Infrastructure Address records Pointer records
A records for IPv4 nodes
AAAA records for IPv6 nodes
Pointer records
PTR records in IN-ADDR.ARPA domain for IPv4 nodes
PTR records in IP6.INT domain for IPv6 nodes
Address selection rules
Choosing the “best” set of addresses with which to communicate

206. Tunneling Configurations
Router-to-Router
Host-to-Router and Router-to-Host
Host-to-Host

207. Router-to-Router Tunneling
IPv4 Infrastructure
IPv4 or IPv6
Infrastructure
IPv4 or IPv6
Infrastructure
IPv6 over IPv4 Tunnel
IPv6
Node
IPv6
Node
IPv6/IPv4 Router
IPv6/IPv4 Router

208. Host-to-Router and Router-to-Host Tunneling
IPv4 Infrastructure
IPv4 or IPv6
Infrastructure
Node A
Node B
IPv6 over IPv4 Tunnel
IPv6/IPv4
IPv6
IPv6/IPv4 Router

209. Host-to-Host Tunneling
IPv4 Infrastructure
IPv6 over IPv4 Tunnel
IPv6/IPv4
Node
IPv6/IPv4
Node

210. Types of Tunnels Configured Automatic IPv6 Automatic Tunneling
Manual configuration of tunnel endpoints
Automatic
Tunnel endpoints determined from use of logical tunnel interfaces, routes, and source and destination IPv6 addresses
IPv6 Automatic Tunneling
Uses IPv4-compatible addresses

211. 6over4 Overview
Host-to-host, host-to-router, and router-to-host automatic tunneling technology
6over4 address:
[64-bit prefix]::WWXX:YYZZ
Link-local 6over4 address FE80::WWXX:YYZZ
6over4 treats an IPv4 multicast-enabled infrastructure as a single multicast-capable link
Used for unicast and multicast IPv6 traffic over an IPv4 infrastructure

212. IPv4 Multicast-Enabled
6over4
Host B
IPv4 Multicast-Enabled
Infrastructure
Host A
IPv6 Infrastructure
6over4
Host
IPv6 over IPv4 Tunnel
6over4
Host
IPv6/IPv4
Router
Logical
Equivalent
Host B
IPv6 Infrastructure
IPv6/IPv4
Router
Host A

213. Source and Target Link-Layer Address Options for 6over4
Type
Length
Address
= 1
Zero
IPv4 Address

214. 6to4 Overview
Address assignment and router-to-router automatic tunneling technology
6to4 address:
2002:WWXX:YYZZ:[SLA ID]:[Interface ID]
6to4 treats the IPv4 Internet as a single link
Used for unicast traffic over the IPv4 Internet

215. 6to4 Components IPv6 Internet Internet 6to4 Relay Router IPv6 Host D
IPv6/IPv4
IPv6
Internet
IPv6 Host D
IPv6-only
6to4 Host C
IPv6/IPv4
Internet
Site 2
6to4 Router
IPv6/IPv4
6to4 Router
IPv6/IPv4
6to4 Host A
IPv6/IPv4
6to4 Host B
IPv6/IPv4
Site 1

216. 6to4 Support in Windows
With public IPv4 address, automatic configuration as a 6to4 host/router
Able to communicate with other 6to4 sites
Able to communicate with IPv6 Internet
With ICS, automatic configuration as a 6to4 router
Enables forwarding
Sends routing advertisements with 6to4 prefixes
SLA ID = Interface index of intranet interface

217. 6to4 for Windows IPv6 Internet Internet 6to4 Relay Router IPv6 Host D
IPv6/IPv4
IPv6
Internet
IPv6 Host D
IPv6-only
6to4 Host C
IPv6/IPv4
Internet
Site 2
Site 3
6to4 Router
IPv6/IPv4
6to4 Host/Router E
IPv6/IPv4
6to4 Router
IPv6/IPv4
6to4 Host A
IPv6/IPv4
6to4 Host B
IPv6/IPv4
Site 1

218. ISATAP Overview
Address assignment and host-to-host, host-to-router, and router-to-host automatic tunneling technology
ISATAP addresses:
[64-bit prefix]:0:5EFE:w.x.y.z
ISATAP treats an IPv4 infrastructure as a single link
Used for unicast traffic across an IPv4 intranet

219. Link-Local ISATAP Configuration
ISATAP Host A
FE80::5EFE:
IPv4
Infrastructure
ISATAP Host B
FE80::5EFE:

220. ISATAP Router Configuration
Example prefix: 3FFE:2900:D005:7::/64
IPv6
network
IPv4
Infrastructure
ISATAP
Router
IPv6 over IPv4 Tunnel
ISATAP Host B
3FFE:2900:D005:7:5EFE:
ISATAP router
Responds to tunneled router solicitations from ISATAP hosts
Forward traffic between ISATAP hosts and other IPv6 subnets

221. ISATAP and 6to4 Example IPv4 Infrastructure Internet ISATAP Host A
Internet
ISATAP Host B
2002:836B:1:2:0:5EFE:
IPv4
Infrastructure
ISATAP Host A
2002:9D36:1:2:0:5EFE:
Part 3
Part 2
Part 1
6to4 Router A
IPv6/IPv4
6to4 Router B
Site A
Site B

222. PortProxy Service TCP proxy for: IPv4 to IPv4 IPv4 to IPv6
IPv4-only host can communicate with IPv6-only server or application
IPv6 to IPv6
IPv6 to IPv4
Use to “IPv6-enable” IPv4-only applications running on a Windows .NET Server computer

223. PortProxy Coexistence Scenarios
An IPv4-only node can access an IPv6-only node
An IPv6-only node can access an IPv4-only node
An IPv6 node can access an IPv4-only service running on an IPv6/IPv4 node

224. Migrating to IPv6
1. Upgrade your applications to be independent of IPv4 or IPv6
2. Update the DNS infrastructure to support IPv6 addresses and PTR records
3. Upgrade hosts to IPv4/IPv6 nodes
4. Upgrade routing infrastructure for native IPv6 routing
5. Convert IPv4/IPv6 nodes to IPv6-only nodes

225. Review Coexistence and migration overview Coexistence mechanisms
Tunneling configurations
6over4
6to4
ISATAP
PortProxy
Migrating to IPv6

226. Lesson 12
IPv6 Mobility

227. Lesson Objectives Components of IPv6 mobility
IPv6 mobility messages and options
IPv6 mobility data structures
Communication between the mobile node and the correspondent node
Communication between the mobile node and the home agent
IPv6 mobility processes
IPv6 mobility changes to the host sending and receiving algorithms

228. IPv6 Mobility Overview
IPv6 mobility allows an IPv6 node to be mobile—to arbitrarily change its location on the IPv6 Internet—and still maintain existing connections
Connection maintenance for mobile nodes is handled at the Internet layer

229. Components of IPv6 Mobility
Correspondent Node
Virtual
Mobile Node
Mobile Node
Home
Address
Care-of
Address
Home
Agent
Foreign
Link
Home
Link
IPv6 Internet

230. IPv6 Mobility Messages And Options
Destination Options Header options
Binding Update
Binding Acknowledgement
Binding Request
Home Address
ICMPv6 messages
Home Agent Address Discovery Request
Home Agent Address Discovery Reply

231. ICMPv6 Home Agent Address Discovery Request Message
Type
Code
Checksum
Identifier
Reserved
Home Address
= 150
= 0
= 0

232. ICMPv6 Home Agent Address Discovery Reply Message
Type
Code
Checksum
Identifier
Reserved
Home Agent Address 1
Home Agent Address n
= 151
= 0
. . .

233. IPv6 Mobility Messages And Options
Neighbor Discovery messages and options
Modified Router Advertisement message
Home Agent (H) flag
Modified Prefix Information option
Router Address (R) flag
New definition of Prefix field
New Advertisement Interval option
New Home Agent Information option

234. IPv6 Mobility Data Structures
Binding cache
Contains the current bindings for mobile nodes
Maintained by each correspondent node and home agent
Binding update list
Lists the most recent binding updates sent for the home agent and correspondent nodes
Maintained by a mobile node
Home agents list
Lists the routers that sent a router advertisement with the Home Agent (H) bit set
Maintained by home agents and mobile nodes

235. IPv6 Mobility Communication
Between a mobile node and a correspondent node
Between a mobile node and a home agent

236. Communication Between a Mobile Node and a Correspondent Node
From the mobile node to the correspondent node
Binding updates
Data
From the correspondent node to the mobile node
Binding maintenance

237. Binding Update from Mobile Node to Correspondent Node
IPv6 Header
Source Address is CoA
Destination Address is CNA
Destination Options Header
Home Address Option
Home Address is HA
Binding Update Option
Correspondent Node
Virtual
Mobile Node
Mobile Node
CNA
CoA HA
Home
Agent
Foreign
Link
Home
Link
IPv6 Internet

238. Data from Mobile Node to Correspondent Node
IPv6 Header
Source Address is CoA
Destination Address is CNA
Destination Options Header
Home Address Option
Home Address is HA
Upper Layer PDU
Correspondent Node
Virtual
Mobile Node
Mobile Node
CNA
CoA HA
Home
Agent
Home
Link
Foreign
Link
IPv6 Internet

239. Binding Maintenance from Correspondent Node to Mobile Node
IPv6 Header
Source Address is CNA
Destination Address is CoA
Routing Header
Segments Left is 1
Address 1 is HA
Destination Options Header
Binding Acknowledgement or Request
Correspondent Node
Virtual
Mobile Node
Mobile Node
CNA
CoA HA
Home
Agent
Home
Link
Foreign
Link
IPv6 Internet

240. Data from Correspondent Node to Mobile Node-Binding Cache Entry Present
IPv6 Header
Source Address is CNA
Destination Address is CoA
Routing Header
Segments Left is 1
Address 1 is HA
Upper Layer PDU
Correspondent Node
Virtual
Mobile Node
Mobile Node
CNA
CoA HA
Home
Agent
Foreign
Link
Home
Link
IPv6 Internet

241. Data from Correspondent Node to Mobile Node-Binding Cache Entry not Present
IPv6 Header
Source Address is CNA
Destination Address is HA
Upper Layer PDU
Correspondent Node
Virtual
Mobile Node
Mobile Node
CNA
CoA HA
Home
Agent
Foreign
Link
IPv6 Internet
Home
Link

242. Communication Between a Mobile Node and a Home Agent
From the mobile node to the home agent
Binding updates
ICMPv6 Home Agent Address Discovery Request message
From the home agent to the mobile node
Binding maintenance
ICMPv6 Home Agent Address Discovery Reply message
Tunneled data

243. Binding Update from Mobile Node to Home Agent
IPv6 Header
Source Address is CoA
Destination Address is HAA
Destination Options Header
Home Address Option
Home Address is HA
Binding Update Option
Home Registration flag set
Correspondent Node
Virtual
Mobile Node
CNA
Mobile Node
CoA HA
Home
Agent
HAA
Home
Link
Foreign
Link
IPv6 Internet

244. ICMPv6 Home Agent Address Discovery Request Message
IPv6 Header
Source Address is CoA
Destination Address is Mobile IPv6 Home Agents anycast address
ICMPv6 Message
Home Agent Address Discovery Request
Correspondent Node
Virtual
Mobile Node
CNA
Mobile Node
CoA HA
Home
Agent
HAA
Home
Link
Foreign
Link
IPv6 Internet

245. Binding Maintenance from the Home Agent to the Mobile Node
IPv6 Header
Source Address is HAA
Destination Address is CoA
Routing Header
Segments Left is 1
Address 1 is HA
Destination Options Header
Binding Acknowledgment or Request
Correspondent Node
Virtual
Mobile Node
CNA
Mobile Node
CoA HA
Home
Agent
HAA
Home
Link
Foreign
Link
IPv6 Internet

246. ICMPv6 Home Agent Address Discovery Reply Message
IPv6 Header
Source Address is HAA
Destination Address is CoA
ICMPv6 Message
Home Agent Address Discovery Reply
Correspondent Node
Virtual
Mobile Node
CNA
Mobile Node
CoA HA
Home
Agent
HAA
Foreign
Link
IPv6 Internet
Home
Link

247. Tunneled Data from the Home Agent to the Mobile Node
IPv6 Header
Source Address is HAA
Destination Address is CoA
Source Address is CNA
Destination Address is HA
Upper Layer PDU
Correspondent Node
Virtual
Mobile Node
CNA
IPv6 Over IPv6 Tunnel
Mobile Node
CoA HA
Home
Agent
HAA
Home
Link
Foreign
Link
IPv6 Internet

248. IPv6 Mobility Processes
Attaching to the home link
Moving from the home link to a foreign link
Moving from a foreign link to another foreign link
Returning home

249. Attaching to the Home Link
Once on the home link, a mobile node can store:
Home subnet prefix
Home address
Global address of their home agent
Methods of configuring mobile node for home link:
Manual configuration
Pseudo-automatic configuration
Automatic configuration

250. Mobile Node Attaches to its First Foreign Link
1. Multicast Router Solicitation
2. Unicast Router Advertisement
3. Home Agent Address Discovery Request
4. Home Agent Address Discovery Reply
5. Binding Update to Home Agent
6. Multicast Neighbor Advertisement
7. Binding Acknowledgment
Correspondent Node †
Home
Agent ‡ … ƒ „
Mobile Node ‚
Home
Link
Foreign
Link
IPv6 Internet

251. IPv6 Mobility Communication with Mobile Node
Mobile node initiates a TCP connection with a new correspondent node
Mobile node initiates non-TCP communication with a new correspondent node
New correspondent node initiates a TCP connection with a mobile node
Home link host sends data to a mobile node

252. Mobile Node Initiates a TCP Connection with a New Correspondent Node
1. TCP SYN with Home Address and
Binding Update options
2. TCP SYN-ACK with Binding Acknowledgment
3. TCP ACK
Correspondent Node ‚ ƒ
Mobile Node
Home
Agent
Home
Link
Foreign
Link
IPv6 Internet

253. Mobile Node Initiates non-TCP Communication with a New Correspondent Node
1. Initial message with Home Address option
2. Response message to home address
3. Tunneled response message to Mobile Node
4. Second message with Binding Update
5. Binding Acknowledgment
Correspondent Node „ ‚
Virtual
Mobile Node … ƒ
IPv6 Over IPv6 Tunnel HA
Mobile Node
Home
Agent
Home
Link
Foreign
Link
IPv6 Internet

254. New Correspondent Node Initiates a TCP Connection with a Mobile Node
1. TCP SYN to Home Address
2. TCP SYN tunneled to Care-of Address
3. TCP SYN-ACK with Binding Update
4. TCP ACK with Binding Acknowledgment
Correspondent Node
Virtual
Mobile Node ƒ „ ‚ HA
IPv6 Over IPv6 Tunnel
Mobile Node
Home
Agent
Home
Link
IPv6 Internet
Foreign
Link

255. Home Link Host Sends Data to a Mobile Node
1. Multicast Neighbor Solicitation
2. Proxied unicast Neighbor Advertisement
3. TCP SYN to Home Agent’s link-layer address
4. Tunneled packet to Mobile Node
5. TCP SYN-ACK with Binding Update
6. TCP ACK with Binding Acknowledgment
Host ‚ † … ƒ „
IPv6 Over IPv6 Tunnel
Mobile Node
Home
Agent
Home
Link
Foreign
Link
IPv6 Internet

256. Mobile Node Changes to a New Foreign Link
Correspondent Node
1. Multicast Router Solicitation
2. Unicast Router Advertisement
3. Binding Update to Home Agent
4. Binding Update to Correspondent Node
5. Binding Acknowledgments … „
IPv6 Internet
Home
Agent … ƒ
Home
Link
Mobile Node
Foreign
Link ‚

257. Mobile Node Returns Home
1. Multicast Router Solicitation
2. Unicast Router Advertisement
3. Binding Update to Home Agent
4. Binding Update to Correspondent Node
5. Binding Acknowledgments
6. Multicast Neighbor Advertisement
Correspondent Node „ … … ‚ ƒ
Mobile
Node †
Home
Agent
Home
Link
IPv6 Internet

258. IPv6 Mobility Host Sending Algorithm
Set source address to sending host’s care-of address. Insert Destination Options header with Home Address option.
IPv6 Mobility Host Sending Algorithm
Yes
Is sending
host away from
home?
Start No
Check destination cache for an entry
matching the destination address.
Check neighbor cache for an entry
matching the next-hop address.
Set destination to destination node’s care-of address. Insert Routing header. Obtain next-hop address from the destination cache entry for the care-of address.
Entry found
in destination cache?
Entry found in
neighbor cache?
Yes No
Yes
Send packet using link-layer address
of neighbor cache entry.
Obtain the next-hop address from the destination cache entry.
Update neighbor cache.
Yes
Does entry
contain a pointer to a
binding cache
entry? No
Update destination cache.
Check routing table for longest
matching route to the destination.
Use address resolution to
determine the link-layer address
of the next-hop address. No
Is there a longest
matching route? No
Yes
Was
address resolution
successful?
Set the next-hop address to
the destination address.
Yes No
Set the next-hop address to
the next-hop address of the route.
Indicate an error.

259. IPv6 Mobility Host Receiving Algorithm
Start
Set source address to home address in Home Address option.
Yes
Is destination
address assigned to
a local interface?
Is there a
Home Address
Option in the
Destination
Options
header?
Does the
protocol
for the Next Header
field value
exist? No
Send ICMPv6 Parameter Problem-Unrecognized Next Header Type Encountered message and discard the packet. No No
Silently discard the packet.
Yes
Yes
Is a Routing
header present?
Is the upper
layer PDU a UDP
message?
Is there an
application listening
on the destination
UDP port?
Yes
Send ICMPv6 Destination Unreachable-Port Unreachable message and discard the packet.
Yes No No
Process Routing header. Set destination address to value in Address 1 field.
Yes No
Is the packet
tunneled from the
home agent?
Is the upper
layer PDU a TCP
segment?
Is there an
application listening
on the destination
TCP port? No
Yes
Yes
Process contents.
Yes No No
Set destination address to destination address in inner IPv6 header. Queue binding update to source address in inner IPv6 header.
Pass upper layer PDU to upper layer protocol.
Send TCP Connection Reset segment.

260. Review Components of IPv6 mobility IPv6 mobility messages and options
IPv6 mobility data structures
Communication between the mobile node and the correspondent node
Communication between the mobile node and the home agent
IPv6 mobility processes
IPv6 mobility changes to the host sending and receiving algorithms

261. Link-Layer Support for IPv6
Appendix A
Link-Layer Support for IPv6

262. Lesson Objectives Basic structure of IPv6 packets LAN media WAN media
IPv6 over IPv4

263. Basic Structure of IPv6 packets
Link-Layer
Header
IPv6
Header
Payload
Link-Layer
Trailer
IPv6 Packet
Link-Layer Frame

264. LAN Media
Ethernet
Token Ring
FDDI

265. Ethernet II Encapsulation of IPv6 Packets
Preamble
Destination Address
Source Address
EtherType
= 0x86DD
...
IPv6 Packet
46 - 1,500 bytes
Frame Check Sequence

266. Ethernet IEEE 802.3 SNAP Encapsulation of IPv6 Packets
Preamble
Start Delimiter
Destination Address
IEEE 802.3
Header
Source Address
Length
DSAP
= 0xAA
IEEE 802.2
LLC Header
SSAP
= 0xAA
Control
= 0x3
Organization Code
= 0
SNAP
Header
EtherType
= 0x86DD
IPv6 Packet
. . .
38-1,492 bytes
IEEE 802.3
Trailer
Frame Check Sequence

267. IEEE 802.5 SNAP Encapsulation of IPv6 Packets
Starting Delimiter
Access Control
Frame Control
IEEE 802.5
Header
Destination Address
Source Address
DSAP
= 0xAA
IEEE 802.2
LLC Header
SSAP
= 0xAA
Control
= 0x3
Organization Code
= 0x0
SNAP
Header
EtherType
= 0x86DD
IPv6 Packet
. . .
Frame Check Sequence
IEEE 802.5
Trailer
Ending Delimiter
Frame Status

268. FDDI Encapsulation of IPv6 Packets
Preamble
Starting Delimiter
Frame Control
FDDI
Header
Destination Address
Source Address
DSAP
= 0xAA
IEEE 802.2
LLC Header
SSAP
= 0xAA
Control
= 0x3
Organization Code
= 0x0
SNAP
Header
EtherType
= 0x86DD
IPv6 Packet
. . .
Up to 4,352 bytes
Frame Check Sequence
FDDI
Trailer
Ending Delimiter
Frame Status

269. WAN Media
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
X.25
Frame Relay
ATM

270. PPP with HDLC Framing Encapsulation of IPv6 Packets
Flag
Address
Control
Protocol
IPv6 Packet
Frame Check Sequence
= 0x7E
= 0xFF
= 0x3
= 0x57
. . .
= 0x7E

271. X.25 Encapsulation of IPv6 Packets
Flag
Address
Control
= 0x7E
General Format Indicator
Logical Channel Number
Packet Type Identifier
LAPB
Header
and
Trailer
PLP
Header
NLPID
= 0x8E
IPv6 Packet
. . .
Frame Check Sequence
Flag
= 0x7E

272. Frame Relay Encapsulation of IPv6 Packets
Flag
Address
Control
= 0x7E
= 0x3
NLPID
= 0x8E
IPv6 Packet
. . .
Frame Check Sequence
Flag
= 0x7E

273. ATM Null Encapsulation of IPv6 Packets
Padding
User to User Indication
Common Part Indicator
Length of Payload
Frame Check Sequence
. . .
Up to 9,180 bytes
. . .
bytes
AAL5
Trailer

274. ATM SNAP Encapsulation of IPv6 Packets
DSAP
SSAP
Control
Organization Code
EtherType
=0xAA
LLC
Header
=0xAA
=0x3 =0
SNAP
Header
=0x86DD
IPv6 Packet
Padding
User to User Indication
Common Part Indicator
Length of Payload
Frame Check Sequence
. . .
. . .
bytes
AAL5
Trailer

275. IPv4 Encapsulation of IPv6 Packets
Extension
Headers
Upper Layer PDU
IPv4
IPv6
Extension
Headers
Upper Layer PDU
IPv4 Packet
IP Protocol field set to 41 (IPv6 header)

276. Review Basic structure of IPv6 packets LAN media WAN media
IPv6 over IPv4