1. GENETIC ENGINEERING

2. SELECTIVE BREEDING:

3. SELECTIVE BREEDING: Allow only those with desired traits to reproduce
After many generations, only desired traits will be in individuals
Ex: Dogs, Cows

4. Sometimes favorable mutations arise (Ex: Missing Growth Inhibiting gene in Belgian Blue Cows)
BELGIAN BLUE VIDEO

5. INBREEDING: The continued breeding of individuals with similar traits
Pros: Have individuals with desired traits
Cons: Little genetic diversity (Increase chance of genetic disease)
Ex: Labs & Hips

6. WAYS TO INCREASE VARIATION:
Use chemicals/radiation to create mutations (new genes)
Ex: Create bacteria that can eat oil
Culture these ones

7. How to Create Bigger, Better Plants:

8. HYBRIDIZATION
Crossing 2 dissimilar individuals to create a blend of the 2 (must be closely related, especially in animals)
Most Animal Hybrids are sterile (Ex: Mules & Ligers)
Liger Video
Top 10 Hybrid Examples

9. Steps of DNA GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

10. Extract DNA using chemicals

11. 2. Cut DNA with Restriction Enzymes (they cut DNA at a specific sequence)

12. Base sequences in MOST genes are similar with all humans.
The “junk” DNA between genes, however, is unique for an individual.
Because everyone’s DNA is different between genes, restriction enzymes will cut everybody’s DNA at DIFFERENT places

14. Place sample of DNA on electrophoresis gel
& run an electric current through it. Since DNA has neg. charge, it goes to pos. end
Bigger pieces of DNA
move more slowly
than smaller pieces
The pattern formed
is unique to an
individual
Pattern formed is
called “Banding
Pattern”

15. GEL ELECTROPHORESIS & DNA FINGERPRINGTING
Suspect B committed crime

16. ½ of banding patterns will match mom, ½ will match dad
Man 1 is the father

17. Gel Electrophoresis Animation

18. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
Used to copy all or part of DNA
PCR is used to take a small sample of DNA & make that sample large enough to be usable in a lab.

19. STEPS:
1. Make PRIMERS – short sequence of bases needed for DNA Polymerase to start working (complementary to first bases of DNA)

20. 2. Add Primers, Nucleotides, and DNA Polymerase

21. 3. Heat DNA
This separates 1 piece of DNA into 2 single strands

22. 4. Let Cool
As it cools, Primer joins to start of each single strand of DNA. Now DNA Polymerase can add bases
New DNA
Primer
DNA Polymerase

23. Overview
Original DNA
Now have 2 pieces of DNA

24. 5. Repeat Many Times

26. Link to Virtual PCR Lab

27. How to Sequence DNA

28. Add Single-Strand of DNA with an unknown sequence (order of nucleotides)
Add nucleotides (A,G,C,T)
Add a small amount of nucleotides that have chemical dyes attached (Each type of nucleotide has a different color).

29. Add DNA Polymerase. It will start adding bases using the unknown strand as a template. Every time a nucleotide with a dye is used the newly forming strand falls off the template strand. This means there will be many strands of varying length. Each of these pieces will have a different color dye.
Place all of the pieces in DNA Gel-Electrophoresis. The pieces will separate based on length. Because the last nucleotide added to each length has a different color, we can tell the order of nucleotides.

30. Link to Sanger’s DNA Sequencing

31. Transgenics

32. Transgenics
Taking the gene from 1 organism and putting into another organism

37. Recombinant DNA Foreign DNA
DNA that has a piece of DNA from another organism
Foreign DNA

38. Making Insulin

39. Diabetes
A condition where a person can’t produce insulin

41. Making Insulin DNA using restriction enzyme
1. Cut insulin gene out of human
DNA using restriction enzyme

42. 2. Cut open the DNA of an E. Coli cell with SAME R. Enzyme

43. 3. Insert Gene into Open Plasmid
Insulin Gene

44. 4. Use Ligase to “glue” gene in place 5. Incubate e-coli
4. Use Ligase to “glue” gene in place 5. Incubate e-coli. Every time they divide, they divide their DNA along with the human gene. Bacteria will produce insulin from the inserted gene.