1. Microprocessors Personal Computers Embedded Systems Programmable Logic
Controllers
68hc11 architecture
8-bit controller
based on proprietary
controller
realtime digital filter
implementation
for process automation
involving electro-mechanical
devices
controller/ processor
selection criteria for an
application :
CPU architecture
use ladder logic diagram
as a design tool
automated assembly
line implementation using
Omron PLC
I/O facilities
Memory resource
Appliances control over the Internet using Rabbit 2000 and Aduc812 uControllers
Implementation of MP3 decoder with a RISC ucontroller using a FPGA
Pentium embedded controller on PC/104

2. Excalibur Nios Embedded Processor Core System on A Programmable Chip (SOPC)
Timer
IRQ
UART
APEX EP20K200E
Your Design
Here
FLASH
SRAM
Serial
Port
12% of EP20K200E
PBM
CPU
Most Instructions Execute in 1 Clock
Large Internal Register File
1,100 Logic Cells (16-Bit Data Path)
1,700 Logic Cells (32-Bit Data Path)
Volume Price Point $5
for 50 MIPs

3. Example of a ladder diagram
A pump is used to fill 2 water tanks; the pump is manually started by the operator.
First tank is filled first then followed by the 2nd.
When 2nd tank filled, pumped is shut off automatically and a lamp turned on.
Float
switch 1 NC
Float
switch 2 NC
Start/stop
control V1
Tank 1
Tank 2
Fluid
Pump off
and lamp on V2
Electrically operated valve
Pump

4. Microprocessors Programmable Logic Controllers Embedded Systems
Personal
Computers
68hc11 architecture
8-bit controller
based on proprietary
controller
QNX RTOS (with Visual
design tools)
multiprocessing
(scalable, more managable)
realtime digital filter
implementation
for process automation
involving electro-mechanical
devices
interprocess
communication
controller/ processor
selection criteria for an
application :
CPU architecture
use ladder logic diagram
as a design tool
priority scheduling
to optimize response
to external events
automated assembly
line implementation using
Omron PLC
I/O facilities
QNX complies with
IEEE POSIX standard
Memory resource
standardization to include
flow control and HLL
design tools
POSIX stands for “Portable
Operating System Interface”.

5. QNX Function Calls Related to Process Scheduling
qnx_scheduler ( ) Set both the priority and the scheduling
algorithm for any process in the QNX network
getprio ( ) Get a process’s priority
setprio ( ) Set a process’s priority
POSIX Function Calls Related to Process Scheduling
sched_setscheduler ( ) Set both the priority and the scheduling algorithm
for a process
sched_getscheduler ( ) Get the scheduling algorithm for a process
sched_getparam ( ) Get the priority parameters for a process
sched_yield ( ) Give up the current process’s timeslice

6. POSIX supports execution of threads – lightweight (fine grained)
processes
A thread can be thought of as a hybrid between a C function call and a
process
Multiple threads can be created by a process and run concurrently
Each thread has its own program counter, registers, and stack but
otherwise shares all the rest of the address space ( and all the global
variables)
Threads run independently of one another and need to be scheduled
Messages can be passed between two threads within a process with
the use of pointers
Messages passed between two processes involves data copying to and
from a separate memory space – more overhead

7. %
8-bit
32-bit
Special
Use of real-time kernels in new embedded designs.
Source: and TRON Association Surveys)

8. project demo can be arranged anytime from now until next April 9
your grades are due on April 15.
report (due by April 9) should include a description of your software
design at the top level (how is your program structured in terms of
processes; what they are for; how they communicate with each other
on your report, give a breakdown on project task distribution and
contribution by each team member ( e.g. A 25%, B 25%, C 25%, D 25%)
On a separate page of your report, outline the following:
how does your program design separate from others ? Key features ?
How did you optimized your code design to do what you want;
What difficulties did you come across and how you solved them;
Flow charts and recommendations for lab setup improvements for
future offerings if applicable
final exam will be comprehensive, open book, open notes, like the
midterm exam emphasis will be on QNX RTOS (60% ~ 70%).
No textbooks allowed. ( Must read 8.9, 8.10 on Real-time programming! )