1. Last week in the news...
The news report

2. Today’s lesson:
To look at the essay question you had last time – how did you get on?
To check we are happy with what industrialisation is and how this links with development.
To look at China’s environmental protection framework.
After Christmas: Soil erosion & forest resources, sustainable cities.
Population.

3. The first video is upseting at first.
Cai Jing is a journalist and using her own experiences created a documentary which I have found in 8 parts on youtube – links below.
Under the dome part 1
Under the dome part 2
under the dome part 3
under the dome part 4
under the dome part 5
under the dome part 6
under the dome part 7
under the dome part 8
The first video is upseting at first.

4. China to spend big to clean up its air
China's polluters to face large fines under law change

5. The new environmental protection provisions in China
New environmental protection provisions came into effect in January The government's environmental agencies will be allowed to enforce strict penalties and seize property of illegal polluters.
Companies that break the law will be "named and shamed", with company executives subject to prison sentences of 15 days.
There will be no upper limit on fines; previously, it was often cheaper for companies to pay the small fines imposed than to install anti-pollution measures.
The new law has 70 provisions, compared to the 47 of the previous law. More than 300 different groups will be able to sue on the behalf of people harmed by pollution.
It remains to be seen whether these changes to the law will overcome some of the traditional problems with environmental litigation in China, such as difficulty getting cases accepted by the court, trouble gathering evidence and interference from local government.

6. Under the new law, local governments are subject to discipline for failing to enforce environmental laws.
Regions are no longer be judged solely on their economic progress, but instead must balance progress with environmental protection.
Local governments are now required to disclose environmental information to the public.
Individuals are now encouraged to "adopt a low-carbon and frugal lifestyle and perform environmental protection duties" such as recycling their garbage under the law.

7. What else is happening? The US and China have shifted their positions
The past five years have seen significant shifts in position from the most influential countries, notably China and the US. Despite a divided Congress, President Obama has committed to reducing emissions, making climate change a defining issue of his second term.
China has an ambitious strategy to grow its renewables sector, with tough new laws on air
pollution and strong action on limiting coal consumption. Last year, the two countries signed an agreement to work together on carbon reduction in crucial sectors including transport and energy efficiency.
Taken from

9. Can you make the link between development and industrialisation?

10. (newly industrialised country) MIC – (middle income country)
Globalisation
PEOPLE AND THE PLANET
The basic idea-
As a country increases its wealth or develops; the number of people employed in each employment sector changes.
Clarke Fisher Model
Primary
Tertiary
MEDC
NIC
LEDC
Tertiary Job
Train Driver
Secondary
Post-industrial Stage - In this stage the tertiary sector become most important.
Secondary sector tends to die away.
As more people start to live in towns, there is a growing demand for various services - from health and education to transport and finance.
Quaternary jobs begin to form too as the country becomes wealthier. High income countries.
(newly industrialised country)
Employment that involves the worker providing a SERVICE.
Quaternary
HIC
(HIGH INCOME COUNTRY)
LIC
(low income country)
Hotel Maid
Doctor
Industrial Stage –
As time passes, manufacturing increases, New factories spring up in many locations.
So the secondary sector grows in importance.
The tertiary sector also grows (but not as fast)
The primary sector continues to decline in this period as the country industrialises.
Middle income countries.
MIC – (middle income country)
Secondary Job
Builder
Pre-industrial Stage –the LEDC’s have high amounts of primary industries due to the fact that there is a lack of education and they are mainly subsistence farmers. There are very few jobs in the tertiary and manufacturing sectors, due to lack of money to set up these factories or build them. Low income countries
Employment that involves making (manufacturing) raw materials into something else. E.g. making cotton into a shirt.
This model is based on what happened in developed countries like Britain. It may not work in the same way for developing countries which may miss some part of the model.
For example, some developing countries might encourage tourism (tertiary) in their country and miss the Industrial Stage, such as the Gambia in Africa.
Factory Worker
Carpenter
Primary Job
Employment (job) involving taking (extracting) natural resources from the earth (land or sea)
Fisherman
Farmer
Miner

11. Sustainable cities: Dongtan Eco city

12. The Eco Wonder: Called by its designers “the world’s first purpose-built eco city,” Dongtan will be powered entirely by renewable energy sources and supplied with battery or fuel-cell vehicles and solar-powered water taxis. Plans call for Dongtan, which will be located on Chongming Island in the Yangtze River Delta near Shanghai,  to house up to half a million people by Tourist attractions will include a leisure park, a science exhibition, an educational centre, and wildlife conservation areas surrounding Dongtan’s three distinct villages.
What’s Behind It: Even skeptics of this Chinese eco wonder are impressed. The Shanghai Industrial Investment Corporation is developing the site with contractors who use a mix of traditional and innovative measures like low-energy air-conditioning and green roofs. Dongtan will use half the water and create one-sixth the waste of a comparable city, even with 20 acres set aside for producing native foods like corn, rice, and fish. Nearby farms will be restored as wetlands, with a 2.1-mile buffer around the city to control ground pollution.

13. In 2005, the Shanghai Industrial Investment Corporation (SIIC) hired the consultancy Arup to design a city which would exclusively use sustainable energy, be self-sufficient and reduce energy consumption by 66% in relation to its neighbour Shanghai. The plan is for Dongtan to house 500,000 people from rural areas.
Up to 80% of the city's refuse will be recycled, and some of the organic waste, including rice husks, will be used to make energy to power a combined heat and power plant. Rice husks and other organic waste will be loaded into large bioreactors which will gasify the waste to produce electricity and heat.
China faces pressing energy problems. Migration from the land to the cities means it will be necessary to build some 400 cities by 2020 to house 300 million people from rural areas. In order to meet their increasing energy consumption they will have to focus more sharply on energy-efficient design and technology, on the quality of urban planning strategies and to increase the degree of sustainable development.
All the buildings in Dongtan will be zero-energy or passive structures. Establishing gardens or other green vegetation on the rooftops will provide insulation and filter rainwater, thus helping to reduce energy consumption. Natural ventilation will be provided by adapting to the local microclimate and positioning individual buildings accordingly. Windows, especially those facing north, will have thermal glass to minimise the need for heating and therefore the consumption of energy.
Solar panels, wind turbines and biomass-based fuels will produce all the energy Dongtan will need. Most buildings will have photovoltaic cell arrays on their roofs. A minimum of 20% of Dongtan's energy requirements will be covered by wind power. A lot of the energy will be produced by a large wind turbine farm outside the city and micro wind turbines adapted to buildings and roads will produce electricity for the individual blocks of flats.

14. In 2005, the Shanghai Industrial Investment Corporation (SIIC) hired the consultancy Arup to design a city which would exclusively use sustainable energy, be self-sufficient and reduce energy consumption by 66% in relation to its neighbour Shanghai. The plan is for Dongtan to house 500,000 people from rural areas.
Up to 80% of the city's refuse will be recycled, and some of the organic waste, including rice husks, will be used to make energy to power a combined heat and power plant. Rice husks and other organic waste will be loaded into large bioreactors which will gasify the waste to produce electricity and heat.
China faces pressing energy problems. Migration from the land to the cities means it will be necessary to build some 400 cities by 2020 to house 300 million people from rural areas. In order to meet their increasing energy consumption they will have to focus more sharply on energy-efficient design and technology, on the quality of urban planning strategies and to increase the degree of sustainable development.
All the buildings in Dongtan will be zero-energy or passive structures. Establishing gardens or other green vegetation on the rooftops will provide insulation and filter rainwater, thus helping to reduce energy consumption. Natural ventilation will be provided by adapting to the local microclimate and positioning individual buildings accordingly. Windows, especially those facing north, will have thermal glass to minimise the need for heating and therefore the consumption of energy.
Solar panels, wind turbines and biomass-based fuels will produce all the energy Dongtan will need. Most buildings will have photovoltaic cell arrays on their roofs. A minimum of 20% of Dongtan's energy requirements will be covered by wind power. A lot of the energy will be produced by a large wind turbine farm outside the city and micro wind turbines adapted to buildings and roads will produce electricity for the individual blocks of flats.

15. But!
Dongtan consists today of 10 wind turbines - no buildings, water taxis, water cleansing plant or energy centres.
Construction was to have started in 2006 but nothing has happened yet.
The project's project coordinator in the Communist Party has been jailed, charged with corruption, and consultants Arup have since been criticised for participating in numerous dodgy sustainable construction projects.
The Dongtan project seems to have lost its momentum, and because of the delay it has been given a mixed reception.
Although the project involves construction of a sustainable city, further doubts have arisen as to whether it can be defined as sustainable, taking into consideration the fact that it would sit on a disappearing green area outside Shanghai.
The most sustainable use for this vital area, which constitutes one of China's largest bird reserves, would be for it to remain undeveloped.

17. UNIT 4 PEOPLE AND THE PLANET
GLOBALISATION
What is ?
Quaternary Job
Software Designer
Employment that involves using high technology and innovation.
Geneticist
Graphic Designer
“the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods and services, freer international capital (money) flows and more rapid and widespread diffusion (spread) of technology”
ENVIRONMENTAL
DEMOGRAPHIC
CULTURAL
POLITICAL
TECHNOLOGICAL
ECONOMIC
ASPECTS OF
GLOBALISATION
Petrol prices and food from the ‘global village’
Impacts of Globalisation
Global warming
World Wide
More women working but less pay than men
Improvement in working conditions
Increased skills and more goods/services available
The latest gadgets
Developed World
Wages improved
High prices charged for products/services
Mostly good working conditions
flexibility when and where you work
New flows of people
‘War on terror’
Developing World
Can sell produce and provide services to a greater number of places
Pay higher prices for developed world’s services and products
Lower prices for their products than developed world
Lower wages and exploitation of workers
Music, art and fashion
UNIT 4 PEOPLE AND THE PLANET

18. Reasons why Globalisation is
rapidly increasing
Key themes;
Often customer services
Relocated to where staff and building costs are cheaper
Made possible by modern communication e.g. internet
Pay may be low for workers
Training may only be for low level skills
May be long shifts
May be poor working conditions
Secondary
sector
Lower transport costs
Shipping – ships take 90% of goods across the world and have become larger. Fuel efficiency has reduced fuel consumption, therefore large ships are as cheap as small ones to run.
Containerization – most goods come from Asia in containers = easier to store and transport. Most containers have bar codes so it is easier to identify what good it is e.g. cars
Aircraft – More expensive than shipping, therefore only 0.2% of goods are transported by aircraft. Goods on aircraft are more valuable than by ships e.g. medical equipment, fruit and vegetables.
Tertiary
Sector TNC’s
Local people earn higher and regular wages
TNC;s bring new skills
TNC’s bring investment
TNC’s pay taxes which boost the local economy
Pro’s & Con’s
TNC’s in LIC
Retail outlets located across the world
Working conditions are generally better than secondary sector ‘sweatshops’
What is a TNC?
Transnational Corporations (TNC)
Large companies that operate in different countries
Different industries e.g. electronics
Headquarters usually in a ‘global city’ in an MEDC (HIC – high income country) E.g. London, New York
Sell products in MEDC’s for a high profit (Tertiary sector)
Manufacture or make products in LEDC’s for cheap labour and materials (secondary sector)
FDI (foreign direct investment)
This is the investment (money) that flows from one country to another (often from TNC’s).
May involve buying a business/factory in a country or expanding an existing business in that country.
Done to take advantage of cheaper labour or resources to increase profit!
TNC (transnational corporations) growth and mergers
Each TNC started small and then grew through:
Growth in sales of popular products e.g. Apple.
Merger with other companies, by consolidating or creating a conglomerate.
State-led Investment
A countries government keeps tight control over its banks. They use money from household savings and overseas trade to fund state owned companies (controlled by the government). Example China!!!
UNIT 4 PEOPLE AND THE PLANET

19. International Organisation's that play a role in Globalisation
Winners and Losers
Of Globalisation
Organisation of 188 countries who work to promote financial cooperation between countries to reduce poverty. This is normally in through the promotion of trade and high employment
Known as the ‘Guardian of international peace, security and human rights’. It promotes the development of poorer nations through work with the IMF and World Bank
Deals in the rules of trade between countries ensuring trade flows freely
It is an important source of financial and technical assistance to developing countries, its main aim is to reduce poverty
A global company which operates in more than one country. Headquarters are often in MEDC’s with factories in LEDC’s where workers are cheaper
IMF
Newly Industrialising country (NIC)
Bangladesh
Rapid economic growth
Government allow TNC’s to take advantage of low wages
Controversial = wages, working conditions, labour laws and more opportunities for men in better jobs UN
WTO
World Bank
TNC
Deindustrialisation
Industry closed
Fewer apprenticeships available for young people, therefore only low paid work
Older people with unwanted skilled struggle to find new jobs
Few jobs in manufacturing – unemployed skilled workers
Industry could not complete with cheaper labour costs from LIC’s
TNC Case Studies
BT telecommunications
Nike
New economy
Outsourcing
Footloose
Sweatshops
Cost/profit
UNIT 4 PEOPLE AND THE PLANET

20. Summary Learning Links
Can you summarise the key topic areas we have learnt about for this unit: Going Global?
Learning Links
Without looking?