1. 2.3 Carbon-based Molecules
Key Concept: Carbon-based molecules are the basis of life.

2. CHONPS!
Cells are composed mostly of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

3. TED Ed Video
salad-what-s-in-a-molecule-josh-kurz

4. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.
Carbon forms covalent bonds (strong bonds) with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms
Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures
Straight chain
Branched chain
Ring

5. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.
Carbon can form single, double, or triple bonds
Carbon forms isomers
Isomers are compounds that have the same chemical formula, but different structural formulas
Example: C4H10
Only carbon has these characteristics

6. STOP & REVIEW
What four properties of carbon make it so special and unique?
Carbon can form covalent bonds with up to 4 other atoms. (This allows it to form huge macromolecules) Macro = large
Carbon can have three shapes. (long chain, branch, or ring)
Carbon can form single, double, or triple bonds.
Carbon can form isomers.

7. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together.
Monomers are the individual subunits.
Polymers are made of many monomers.

8. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Can Lisa Pick Nectarines?

9. Carbohydrates Molecule  Carbohydrates Has Carbon All of the time
Has Hydrogen
All of the time 
Has Oxygen
Has Nitrogen  -
Has Phosphorus
STRUCTURE
Monomer
monosaccharide
Polymer
disaccharide (dimer), polysaccharide 
Examples
Monosaccharide:  glucose (in your blood), fructose (fruit), galactose (milk)
Disaccharide: sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk)
Polysaccharide: starch (structure: long chain of glucose molecules) & cellulose (function: component of cell wall in plants),
glycogen (function: energy storage in animals)
Unique
Function: Provide a quick source of energy
Structure: Usually found as rings, and branched chains
Structure: 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O

12. Lipids Molecule  Lipids Unique Has Carbon All of the time
Has Hydrogen
Has Oxygen
Has Nitrogen
 Some of the time
Has Phosphorus
Some of the time 
STRUCTURE
Monomer
 glycerol & fatty acids (polar heads & fatty acid tails)
Polymer
 triglycerides; phospholipids
Examples
-Function: Phospholipids make up all cell membranes (allow them to be fluid-like, more heat = more flexibility in fluid)
-Fats, oils, cholesterol, steroids, waxes, phospholipids
Unique
Nonpolar
Function: Long chains that are broken down to provide energy, long term storage of energy
Function: Used to make steroid hormones (control stress, estrogen, testosterone)
Structure: Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol

13. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Lipids
Saturated fats:
Structure: all bonds are full with hydrogen's attached. Are usually solid at room temperature, and most come from animal products. Cause circulatory disease
Unsaturated fats:
Have double bonds, and are not full. Are liquid at room temperature, and are usually referred to as oils.

14. Fats

16. Proteins Molecule  Proteins Has Carbon All of the time Has Hydrogen
Has Oxygen
Has Nitrogen
Has Phosphorus - 
STRUCTURE
Monomer
Amino acid (there are 20 different kinds)
Polymer
Polypeptide (protein) 
Examples
Functions: Enzymes (speed up chemical reactions by decreasing activation energy,  hemoglobin (transport oxygen in blood), collagen (structural protein part of connective tissue, which is used for movement)
An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large Y-shape protein produced by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses.
Unique
Structure: 3D structure makes them active 
Structure: Peptide bonds hold amino acids together
Structure: Have a side group (R) that makes each amino acid (and therefore protein) different, make polypeptide chains
Structure: Sometimes may contain sulfur

17. Different Shapes of a Protein
(c)
(H)

20. Nucleic acids Molecule  Nucleic acids Has Carbon All of the time
Has Hydrogen
All of the time 
Has Oxygen
Has Nitrogen
Has Phosphorus
STRUCTURE
Monomer
Nucleotide (5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, & base)
Polymer
Nucleic acid 
Examples
DNA & RNA 
Unique
 - Order of the bases makes every living thing unique
Function: DNA stores genetic information in chains
Function: RNA builds proteins

22. STOP & REVIEW What are the 4 carbon based macromolecules?
1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids
What is similar among the 4 carbon based macromolecules?
They all have CHO in them
What is unique between the 4 macromolecules?
Their shapes are different, their functions are different
What is a monomer
Individual subunits (Ex: glucose)
What is a polymer?
A bunch of monomers together (Ex: Starch)

23. Amoeba Sisters Macromolecules

24. Building & Using Carbon-based Molecules
Building (process): dehydration synthesis
Removal of water to make a new product (water is a product)
Turns monomers into polymers
Using (process): hydrolysis
Breaking apart using water (water is a reactant)
Turns polymers into monomers

25. Dehydration Synthesis
Two monomers need to join
One monomer loses (-OH) and one loses (-H)
The two monomers join and the (-OH) and (-H) join, forming H2O
monomer-OH + monomer-H  polymer + H2O
Click on slide title for animation

26. Hydrolysis
A polymer needs to break apart (the carbs, proteins, and lipids we ingest are too big for us to use)
Water breaks apart into (-OH) and (-H) and splits the polymer into monomers
The (-OH) and (-H) bond to each monomer to make them stable molecules
polymer + H2O  monomer-OH + monomer-H

27. TED Ed Video
salad-what-s-in-a-molecule-josh-kurz