1. Biochemistry

2. General Topics Part 1: Properties of Water
Part 2: Key Organic Compounds
Part 3: Characteristics of Enzymes

3. Water
Hydrogen Bond: a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.
Covalent Bond:A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs, and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atom

4. Key Properties of Water
Cohesion
The ability of water molecules to stick to each other
Adhesion
The ability of water molecules to stick to other things
Capillary Action
The ability of water to move up a tube
High Specific Heat
The ability of water to resist temperature changes
Universal Solvent
The ability of water to dissolve many substances

5. Why does water have these properties?
Water is a polar molecule which means each molecule has an unequal charge. There is a slight positive end and a slight negative end.
Due to the polarity water forms hydrogen bonds between molecules
Polarity is the driving force behind all of its other properties

6. The pH scale
pH is a measure of how many hydrogen ions are in an aqueous (liquid) solution
A basic solution has a value between
An acidic solution has a value between 6.9-0
A pH of 7 is neutral

8. Hydrophobic vs. Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic- molecules that are non polar and insoluble (fear of water)
Example- lipids
Hydrophilic- molecules that are polar or ionic and soluble in water (water loving)
Example- Salt, Sugar

9. Reflection Questions
1. Why does water have the properties that it does?
2. How does the specific heat characteristics of water impact climate?
3. (T/F) Hydrogen bonds are very strong and difficult to break.
4. A solution that has a pH of ____ is an acidic solution.
5. What is the most abundant inorganic compound in your body?

10. Organic vs. Inorganic
Organic compounds contain carbon. Two common exceptions are carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
Carbon forms covalent bonds in single, double, triple bonds, chains, and rings.
Monomer is a small single unit. Example: glucose
Polymer is many small units put together. Example: starch.
Polymerization is when monomers are joined to form polymers.

11. Essential Organic Compounds
Part 2:
Four Biological Molecules
Essential Organic Compounds
Biological Molecules are also called Macromolecules, Organic Molecules, and Organic Compounds. They are:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

12. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio
Monomers are simple sugars called a monosaccharide
Combining two monosaccharides forms a disaccharide
The polymer of a carbohydrate is a polysaccharide
The primary function of carbohydrates is to provide quick energy
Example of carbohydrates include glucose, sucrose, and starch

15. What role do carbohydrate play in biology?
Carbohydrates are formed in the process of photosynthesis and broken down in the process of cellular respiration
The break down of carbohydrates allows the cell to produces ATP molecules, the energy currency of the cell
There are also carbohydrates found in the cell membrane

16. Storage of Carbs in Animals
The carbohydrate in the food that animals eat is broken down into the simplest carbohydrate glucose.The glucose is used as fuel to carry out the processes through which an animal stays alive.
When all the requirement of glucose are fulfilled, the excess glucose is stored as glycogen(a large complex molecule) in the liver so that it can be used again when required.
Glycogen is also stored in muscle cells.
But why as glycogen? Basically, it is a polysaccharide of glucose. Its structure allows it to be packed compactly so more of it can be stored in cells and that means less wastage.
Glycogen is just a chain of glucose molecules with many branched chains:

17. Storage of Carbs in Plants
The storage form of glucose in plants is starch. Starch is a polysaccharide. The leaves of a plant make sugar during the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis occurs in light (photo = light), such as when the sun is shining. The energy from the sunlight is used to make energy for the plant. So, when plants are making sugar (for fuel, energy) on a sunny day, they store some of it as starch. When the simple sugars need to be retrieved for use, the starch is broken down into its smaller components. They literally save some energy for a rainy day!

18. Lipids
Lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but not in any ratio
Lipids do not have a true monomer, but they are composed of fatty acids and glycerol
Unlike other biomolecule groups, fatty acid monomers are not directly bonded to each other in polymer chains.Unlike other biomolecule groups, fatty acid monomers are not directly bonded to each other in polymer chains
The primary functions of lipids include long term energy and insulation
Examples of lipids include fats, oils, steroids and waxes

21. What role do lipids play in biology?
Lipids are the primary molecules found in the cell membrane

22. Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are primarily composed a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogen base
The primary function of nucleic acids are to store genetic information
The monomer of a nucleic acid is a nucleotide
Examples of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA

24. What role do nucleic acids play in biology?
Nucleic acids are a key part of the central dogma of biology
DNA is transcribed into mRNA and mRNA is translated into proteins
There are three different types of RNA:
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

25. Proteins
Proteins are composed of amino acids (the monomer of proteins)
Proteins are the building blocks of life and have many critical functions. Some of those functions include:
Speeding up chemical reactions
Carrying oxygen in the blood
Communication from cell to cell
Expressing the genotype found in DNA

27. What role do proteins play in biology?
Proteins are key parts of the cell membrane, perform all cellular functions, and allow cells to communicate with each other.
Building blocks of life
Without proteins life would not be possible

28. Reflection Questions 1. What organic compound speeds up reactions?
2. What type of organic compound might you eat prior to participating in a sport?
3. What is an example of a nucleic acid?
4. What type of organic compound is found in the cell membrane?
5. What type of bond is formed between two amino acids?
6. What type of organic compound is generally formed in photosynthesis?

29. Characteristics of Enzymes
Part 3: Enzymes

30. Key Characteristics of Enzymes
Speed up reactions by lowering activation energy of a reaction
Specific enzymes are paired with specific reactions (lock and key model)
The name ends with –ase

31. Key Terms
Catalysts are molecules that increase rate of chemical reactions
Substrates are molecules on which an enzyme acts.
Active site is an area located on enzyme where reaction occurs.
Inhibitors help regulate enzyme activity. They block the active site or distort the enzyme’s shape.

33. Lock and Key Mechanism

35. What are some things that effect the effectiveness of enzymes?pH
Temperature
Substrate concentration
Enzyme concentration

36. Section 3 Check 1. What type of molecule is an enzyme?
2. (T/F) Any enzyme can speed up any reaction.
3. (T/F) Enzymes lower activation energy in a reaction.
4. Where does the substrate bond to the enzyme?
5. Why is the a lock and key a good analogy to how an enzyme interacts with a substrate?

37. Formation and Breakdown of Organic Compounds
Dehydration Synthesis- formation of organic compounds by removing a water molecule
Hydrolysis- breakdown of organic compounds by adding a water molecule