1. Constitutional Analysis – What does Article III say?
Review Article III of the Constitution (pp ) and answer the following questions on notebook paper– answers must be in complete sentences – please answer using POQ.
Label notebook paper with your name, period number, today’s date and heading – Constitutional Analysis Article III
What is the job of the Supreme Court as described in Article III? Example sentence starter: The job of the Supreme Court as described in Article III of the Constitution is…. OR According the Article III of the Constitution the job of the Supreme Court is……….
Is there any indication in this section that the Supreme Court has the “right” or “responsibility” to determine whether laws are constitutional – meaning whether they violate or go against what is written in the Constitution? Why do you think it was written that way?
Is there any reference to the term “judicial review” in the Constitution? Why might this be significant?
Does Article III establish the limits of the Court’s powers? Explain.

2. Article III – The Judicial Branch Section. 1
Article III – The Judicial Branch Section. 1. The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office. Section. 2. The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;—to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;—to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;—to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;—to Controversies between two or more States;— between a State and Citizens of another State,—between Citizens of different States,—between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects. In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make. The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed. Section. 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court. The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted.

3. Case Study Analysis – Marbury v. Madison
Review Supreme Court Case Study – Marbury v. Madison and complete the analysis questions on notebook paper. Answers MUST be in complete sentences using POQ.
Notebook Paper Heading:
Your Name
Period #
Marbury v. Madison
Review analysis questions
First read of case study – listen and mark text
Partner Activity – review case study and complete analysis questions
(you and ONE other person – choose wisely! Case Study will be collected)

4. Marbury v. Madison (1803) Background The election of 1800 transferred power in the federal government from the Federalist Party to the Republican Party. In the closing days of President John Adams’s administration, the Federalists created many new government offices and appointed Federalists to fill them. One of the last-minute, or “midnight,” appointments was that of William Marbury. Marbury was named a justice of the peace for the District of Columbia. President Adams had signed the appointment papers, but his secretary of state, John Marshall, somehow neglected to deliver the papers necessary to finalize the appointment. The new president, Thomas Jefferson, was angry at the defeated Federalists’ attempt to “keep a dead clutch on the patronage” and ordered his new secretary of state, James Madison, not to deliver Marbury’s commission papers. Marbury took his case to the Supreme Court, of which John Marshall was now the Chief Justice, for a writ of mandamus—an order from a court that some action be performed— commanding Madison to deliver the commission papers in accordance with the Judiciary Act of 1789.

5. Constitutional Issue
Article III of the Constitution establishes the Supreme Court as the head of the federal judicial system. Historians believe the Founders meant the Court to have the power of judicial review--that is, the power to review the constitutionality of acts of Congress and to invalidate those the Court determines to be unconstitutional. The Constitution does not, however, specifically give the Court this right.
Chief Justice John Marshall, as a Federalist, believed strongly that the Supreme Court should have the power of judicial review. When the Marbury case presented the perfect opportunity to clearly establish that power, Marshall laid out several points that the Court believed supported the right of judicial review. At the time, the decision was viewed as a curtailment of presidential power, but people today recognize that the case established, once and for all, the importance of the Supreme Court in American government.

6. The Court’s Decision Justice Marshall reviewed the case on the basis of three questions: Did Marbury have a right to the commission? If so, was he entitled to some remedy under United States law? Was that remedy a writ from the Supreme Court? Marshall decided the first question by holding that an appointment is effective once a commission has been signed and the U.S. seal affixed, as Marbury’s commission had been. Therefore, Marbury had been legally appointed, and Madison’s refusal to deliver the commission violated Marbury’s right to the appointment. In response to the second question, Marshall held that Marbury was entitled to some remedy under United States law. The final question examined whether the Court had the power to issue the writ. Marshall explained that the Judiciary Act of 1789 had granted the Court the right to issue writs like the one Marbury was requesting. This law was unconstitutional and void, however, because the Constitution did not grant Congress the right to make such a law. In his written opinion, Marshall defended the right of the Court to declare a law unconstitutional: “It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each.” The Supreme Court thus became the final judge of constitutionality, establishing the principle of judicial review. At the time, observers were much more interested in the practical result of the ruling— that the Court could not issue the writ and could not, therefore, force the appointment of Marbury. Congress could not expand the Court’s original jurisdiction, and the Constitution does not give the Court the authority to issue a writ. People paid much less attention to the long-term implications of the decision. Here is how a constitutional scholar evaluates the Marbury decision: “Over the passage of time [the] Marbury [decision] came to stand for the monumental principle, so distinctive and dominant a feature of our constitutional system, that the Court may bind the coordinate branches of the national government to its rulings on what is the supreme law of the land. That principle stands out from Marbury like the grin on a Cheshire cat; all else, which preoccupied national attention in 1803, disappeared in our constitutional law.”

7. Summarization Activity:
Reread Case Study: Background – with your team summarize the section in 20 words or less – write one summary on notebook paper for your group.
Reread Case Study Constitutional Issue – with your team look at the summary you already have and write a new summary with 20 words or less summarizing both sections
Reread Case Study: Court’s Decision – repeat steps from above.

8. Questions for Analysis and Debate
Even though the Constitution says nothing about the Supreme Court’s having the power of judicial review, is it reasonable to assume that the Founders meant for the Court to have such a power?
Looking back over American history since the Marbury decision, do you believe that establishing the principle of judicial review by the Supreme Court was a good idea? Defend your choice.
Choose a side in this case. Choose to argue for William Marbury or for James Madison. After you choose a side, write a list of arguments for your side of the case.
Should the Supreme Court have upheld William Marbury’s appointment? Defend your choice.
Is there a need for a government to have a ruling body that has the final word on the laws of the land? Explain.