1. Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology
Eleventh Edition
Chapter 18
The Endocrine System
Clicker Questions

2. Which of these characteristics is exclusive to the endocrine system when compared with the nervous system?
relies on release of chemicals that bind to specific receptors
relies primarily on negative feedback mechanisms
uses epinephrine and norepinephrine as chemical messengers
effective in coordinating cell, tissue, and organ activities on a sustained, long-term basis
Answer: d

3. Which of these characteristics is exclusive to the endocrine system when compared with the nervous system?
relies on release of chemicals that bind to specific receptors
relies primarily on negative feedback mechanisms
uses epinephrine and norepinephrine as chemical messengers
effective in coordinating cell, tissue, and organ activities on a sustained, long-term basis

4. Regulation of hormone levels usually involves _____ control mechanisms.
positive feedback
negative feedback
auditory feedback
amplification
Answer: b

5. Regulation of hormone levels usually involves _____ control mechanisms.
positive feedback
negative feedback
auditory feedback
amplification

6. What statement below is TRUE of peptide hormones?
They are derivatives of arachidonic acid.
They are synthesized by ribosomes and are lipophilic.
They are also called biogenic amines and are synthesized from tyrosine.
They are chains of amino acids such as glycoproteins, small proteins, or polypeptides.
Answer: d

7. What statement below is TRUE of peptide hormones?
They are derivatives of arachidonic acid.
They are synthesized by ribosomes and are lipophilic.
They are also called biogenic amines and are synthesized from tyrosine.
They are chains of amino acids such as glycoproteins, small proteins, or polypeptides.

8. If levels of calcium are low in the blood, what hormone would restore calcium to homeostasis?
calcitonin
parathyroid hormone
insulin
glucagon
Answer: b

9. If levels of calcium are low in the blood, what hormone would restore calcium to homeostasis?
calcitonin
parathyroid hormone
insulin
glucagon

10. Which of the following indirect-acting hormones activates adenylate cyclase and will produce a change in cellular activity by way of cAMP?
insulin
oxytocin
TSH
estrogen
Answer: c

11. Which of the following indirect-acting hormones activates adenylate cyclase and will produce a change in cellular activity by way of cAMP?
insulin
oxytocin
TSH
estrogen

12. The vascular arrangement of the hypophyseal portal system _____.
provides efficient means of ensuring that all hypothalamic hormones will reach target cells in the adenohypophysis before being diluted in general circulation
ensures that all hormones destined for the pituitary are diluted in general circulation before entering the adenohypophysis
ensures that RH from the hypothalamus synthesizes the correct amount of a specific hormone
none of the above
Answer: a

13. The vascular arrangement of the hypophyseal portal system _____.
provides efficient means of ensuring that all hypothalamic hormones will reach target cells in the adenohypophysis before being diluted in general circulation
ensures that all hormones destined for the pituitary are diluted in general circulation before entering the adenohypophysis
ensures that RH from the hypothalamus synthesizes the correct amount of a specific hormone
none of the above

14. What is the role of FSH in males?
It stimulates production of sex hormones.
It stimulates the breakdown of stored triglycerides by adipocytes.
It stimulates nurse cells, which then promote the maturation of sperm.
It stimulates smooth muscle contraction in the ductus deferens and prostate gland.
Answer: c

15. What is the role of FSH in males?
It stimulates production of sex hormones.
It stimulates the breakdown of stored triglycerides by adipocytes.
It stimulates nurse cells, which then promote the maturation of sperm.
It stimulates smooth muscle contraction in the ductus deferens and prostate gland.

16. If a person has been drinking alcohol, how is ADH released by the neurohypophysis affected?
More ADH is released to increase the solute concentration of blood and urine.
ADH secretion is inhibited by drinking alcohol.
It does not change at all.
ADH secretion increases causing vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.
Answer: b

17. If a person has been drinking alcohol, how is ADH released by the neurohypophysis affected?
More ADH is released to increase the solute concentration of blood and urine.
ADH secretion is inhibited by drinking alcohol.
It does not change at all.
ADH secretion increases causing vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.

18. Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults will cause _____.
Cushing’s disease
Graves disease
goiter
acromegaly
Answer: d

19. Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults will cause _____.
Cushing’s disease
Graves disease
goiter
acromegaly

20. Why do high levels of cortisol, a steroid hormone from the adrenal cortex, cause a decrease in the pituitary secretion of ACTH?
High levels of cortisol stimulate other steroid hormones to be released.
The cortisol acts synergistically with other hormones.
ACTH participates in a negative feedback loop with cortisol.
CRH from the hypothalamus inhibits ACTH release.
Answer: c

21. Why do high levels of cortisol, a steroid hormone from the adrenal cortex, cause a decrease in the pituitary secretion of ACTH?
High levels of cortisol stimulate other steroid hormones to be released.
The cortisol acts synergistically with other hormones.
ACTH participates in a negative feedback loop with cortisol.
CRH from the hypothalamus inhibits ACTH release.

22. Which pancreatic cell type is paired with the hormone it produces?
alpha cells/pancreatic polypeptide
F cells/a hormone identical to growth hormone–inhibiting hormone
beta cells/insulin
delta cells/glucagon
Answer: c

23. Which pancreatic cell type is paired with the hormone it produces?
alpha cells/pancreatic polypeptide
F cells/a hormone identical to growth hormone–inhibiting hormone
beta cells/insulin
delta cells/glucagon

24. Which statement is a function of insulin?
It will facilitate the transport and utilization of glucose by cells.
It promotes protein synthesis.
It will decrease storage of glucagon in the cell.
Both A and B are functions of insulin.
Answer: d

25. Which statement is a function of insulin?
It will facilitate the transport and utilization of glucose by cells.
It promotes protein synthesis.
It will decrease storage of glucagon in the cell.
Both A and B are functions of insulin.

26. Which of the following is an effect of glucagon?
accelerated glucose uptake and utilization
breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue
stimulation of amino acid absorption and protein synthesis
stimulation of glycogen formation
Answer: b

27. Which of the following is an effect of glucagon?
accelerated glucose uptake and utilization
breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue
stimulation of amino acid absorption and protein synthesis
stimulation of glycogen formation

28. Cells in the _____ are insulin independent, which means that they can _____.
brain, kidneys, and digestive tract; absorb glucose without insulin stimulation
liver; produce glucose
pancreas and adrenal cortex; produce insulin
adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla; function without insulin
Answer: a

29. Cells in the _____ are insulin independent, which means that they can _____.
brain, kidneys, and digestive tract; absorb glucose without insulin stimulation
liver; produce glucose
pancreas and adrenal cortex; produce insulin
adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla; function without insulin

30. Why do diabetics suffer from vascular damage?
high glucose levels damage endothelium
high glucose levels alter cell receptor structure, causing dysfunction
both A and B
none of the above
Answer: c

31. Why do diabetics suffer from vascular damage?
high glucose levels damage endothelium
high glucose levels alter cell receptor structure, causing dysfunction
both A and B
none of the above

32. Increased amounts of sunlight inhibit the production of which hormone?
prolactin
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
aldosterone
melatonin
Answer: d

33. Increased amounts of sunlight inhibit the production of which hormone?
prolactin
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
aldosterone
melatonin

34. How can erythropoietin abuse cause death in athletes?
by increasing blood viscosity to high levels, increasing resistance and inducing heart failure
by inducing excess cortisol
by producing large amounts of abnormal leukocytes
none of the above
Answer: a

35. How can erythropoietin abuse cause death in athletes?
by increasing blood viscosity to high levels, increasing resistance and inducing heart failure
by inducing excess cortisol
by producing large amounts of abnormal leukocytes
none of the above

36. When epinephrine binds a receptor, the result can be _____ depending on the _____.
increased cAMP production; first messenger
enhanced cAMP breakdown; prostaglandin
enhanced insulin activity; glucagon concentration
production or breakdown of cAMP; receptor
Answer: d

37. When epinephrine binds a receptor, the result can be _____ depending on the _____.
increased cAMP production; first messenger
enhanced cAMP breakdown; prostaglandin
enhanced insulin activity; glucagon concentration
production or breakdown of cAMP; receptor

38. What is the effect of renin secretion by the kidneys?
stimulates Ca2+ and PO4– absorption along the digestive tract
stimulates the production of red blood cells by bone marrow
converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
inhibits secretion of ADH and aldosterone
Answer: c

39. What is the effect of renin secretion by the kidneys?
stimulates Ca2+ and PO4– absorption along the digestive tract
stimulates the production of red blood cells by bone marrow
converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
inhibits secretion of ADH and aldosterone

40. Which of the following does NOT occur during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome?
conservation of glucose for neural tissues
mobilization of remaining lipid and protein reserves
conservation of Na+ and loss of K+ and H+
increased mental alertness and increased blood pressure
Answer: d

41. Which of the following does NOT occur during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome?
conservation of glucose for neural tissues
mobilization of remaining lipid and protein reserves
conservation of Na+ and loss of K+ and H+
increased mental alertness and increased blood pressure

42. Which of the following is NOT an effect of thyroid hormones on major organ systems?
increased heart rate and force of contraction
increased sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation
decreased turnover of minerals in bone
stimulation of red blood cell formation
Answer: c

43. Which of the following is NOT an effect of thyroid hormones on major organ systems?
increased heart rate and force of contraction
increased sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation
decreased turnover of minerals in bone
stimulation of red blood cell formation

44. The removal of the parathyroid glands results in a decrease in the blood concentration of which important mineral?
calcium ions
phosphate ions
sodium ions
potassium ions
Answer: a

45. The removal of the parathyroid glands results in a decrease in the blood concentration of which important mineral?
calcium ions
phosphate ions
sodium ions
potassium ions

46. Failure of the zona glomerulosa to secrete aldosterone would result in _____.
decreased formation and secretion of calcitriol
enhanced reabsorption of Ca2+ at the kidneys
loss of Na+, K+ retention, and decreased reabsorption of water at the kidneys
none of the above
Answer: c

47. Failure of the zona glomerulosa to secrete aldosterone would result in _____.
decreased formation and secretion of calcitriol
enhanced reabsorption of Ca2+ at the kidneys
loss of Na+, K+ retention, and decreased reabsorption of water at the kidneys
none of the above

48. Tropic hormones such as ACTH and FSH are produced in the _____.
adenohypophysis
neurohypophysis
hypothalamus
none of the above
Answer: a

49. Tropic hormones such as ACTH and FSH are produced in the _____.
adenohypophysis
neurohypophysis
hypothalamus
none of the above

50. Melatonin is well known for its role in regulating circadian rhythm
Melatonin is well known for its role in regulating circadian rhythm. What are two other functions of melatonin?
promotes muscle mass and supports libido in females
testicular feminization and gynecomastia in males
inhibits reproductive functions and protects CNS neurons from free radicals
promotes early puberty and increased rates of oxygen consumption
Answer: c

51. Melatonin is well known for its role in regulating circadian rhythm
Melatonin is well known for its role in regulating circadian rhythm. What are two other functions of melatonin?
promotes muscle mass and supports libido in females
testicular feminization and gynecomastia in males
inhibits reproductive functions and protects CNS neurons from free radicals
promotes early puberty and increased rates of oxygen consumption

52. In what ways are hormonal effects of E and NE from the adrenal medulla similar to the effects of glucocorticoids from the zona fasciculata?
Hormones from both are under the ultimate control of the parasympathetic nervous system.
Both increase cardiac activity and blood pressure.
Both are stimulated by angiotensin II.
Both increase blood glucose levels and promote the breakdown of stored fats into fatty acids.
Answer: d

53. In what ways are hormonal effects of E and NE from the adrenal medulla similar to the effects of glucocorticoids from the zona fasciculata?
Hormones from both are under the ultimate control of the parasympathetic nervous system.
Both increase cardiac activity and blood pressure.
Both are stimulated by angiotensin II.
Both increase blood glucose levels and promote the breakdown of stored fats into fatty acids.