1. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY

2. Theories of Personality
Biological
Psychoanalytic
Social Psychoanalytic (NeoPsychoanalytic)
Trait
Cognitive
Social-Learning
Humanistic

3. BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE IN PERSONALITY

4. Biological Perspectives
Theorists use biological processes in an attempt to fill in the gap between personality and genetics by inferring, theorizing and researching biological links with behavior.

5. Biological Perspectives
Ernst Kretchmer (a physician, in 1925) proposed a correlation of mental disorder with the three body types: obese, muscular, thin.

6. Biological Theories
Evolutionary theory
Biological processes

7. Evolutionary perspective
Personality are inherited from parent genes passing the inherited characteristics

8. Biological Theories: Biological Process
Biological processes is concerned with how these genes influence behavior through the various chemicals within the brain.

9. Hormones & Personality
Uses endocrine system, rather than brain processes, to explain personality.

10. Neurotransmitters and Personality
Examples of neurotransmitters that can influence personality includes Norepinephrine & serotonin

11. Temperament: A biological influence
Temperament: individual differences in (1) reactivity and (2) self-regulation have a long-lasting biological basis.

12. Psychoanalytic Theory
“conscious becoming aware of the unconscious…”

13. Psychoanalytic …
Accepts the importance of early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind.

14. Important theorists……
Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler

15. Classic Theory: Sigmund Freud Psychosexual
Basic tenets:
Constant struggles between desire to meet biological urge and realities of living.
Unconscious process influence behavior

16. Sigmund Freud Father of the Psychoanalytic Theory
Born in Moravia, on May 6, 1856
Lived 78 years practicing in Vienna, Austria and established a private practice for the treatment of nervous disorders.

17. What is Psychoanalytic Theory?

18. Freud’s View of a Person
Human organisms are selfish beings, existing in a state of external and internal turmoil. (displaying aggressive and sexual excesses)
Dominated by forces outside of conscious control.

19. Determinism vs Choice
Biological determinism vs. Psychological determinism - Freud emphasized psychological rather than biological “consciousness knows nothing of. . . neurons.”

20. Personality Structures
What lies beneath the surface of the unconscious mind??
ID,
EGO, and
SUPEREGO

21. TRAIT PERSPECTIVES

22. Definition Traits serve three major functions:
What is TRAIT?
Traits serve three major functions:
To summarize, predict, and explain a person’s conduct

23. Theorists Gordon Allport (1897-1967) Raymond B. Cattell (1905-1998)
Hans J. Eysenck ( )

24. Allport’s Disposition Theory
Allport suggested that each individual has a unique set of personality traits/personal dispositions
Three categories of traits:
Cardinal,
Central,
Secondary

25. Cattell’s Trait Theory
Three sources of data are required to uncover all the major dimensions of personality:
L-data
Q-data
T-data

26. Hans J. Eysenck Eysenck extroversion-introversion
neuroticism-stability.
Focus on higher levels of trait organization called types:-
Types incorporate lower-level elements (traits)
Each trait incorporates even lower-order qualities (habits)

27. Five Factor Model Extraversion-introversion Agreeableness-antagonism
Conscientiousness-undirectedness
Neuroticism-stability
Openness to experience

28. Belief Regarding Basic Nature
Resulting from a biological basis & neuro-psychological functioning within the environment.

29. Social Psychoanalytic Perspectives

30. Moving away from Freud- Why?
Rejected the idea that the adult personality is formed from experiences in the first 5 or 6 years of life
Recognized social and cultural forces that shape individuals
Psychoanalytic theories emphasize the role of social forces in shaping personality.

31. Neo-Analytic Theorists
Alfred Adler ( )
Carl Jung ( )
Erik Homburger Erikson ( )
Karen Horney ( )

32. Alfred Adler Reasons he broke from Freud in 1911
Adler assumed that humans are motivated primarily by social urges

33. Carl Jung Reasons he broke from Freud in 1913
Basic disagreement over the importance of sex drive
Tired of Freud’s concern with pathological side of human nature

34. The Development of Personality
No formal stages of development
During childhood…
And a second puberty…
Individuation
Meyers-Briggs type indicator

35. Erik Homburger Erikson
Retained Freud’s model of id, ego and superego with modifications
Described identity as…
Confusion about identity or Identity crisis

36. Personality Development:
Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Initiative vs. guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
identity vs. Role Confusion
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Ego Integrity vs. Despair

37. Karen Horney Reasons she broke from Freud/Psychoanalytic Theory 1941
Could not accept some of Freud’s views concerning women
Did not agree with Freud’s penis envy
More focused on social world and social motivations than Freudians

38. Assets of Neo-Analytic Theory
Emphasizes the self
cope with emotions and drives on the inside and the demands of others on the outside
Emphasizes the importance of the positive and goal-oriented nature of humanity

39. Behaviorism

40. What is Behaviorism?
Understand behavior by focusing on the external contingencies of reinforcement (any consequence of an action that increases the probability of that action being executed again) and punishment (any consequence of an action that decreases the probability of its repetition)

41. The Basics of Behaviorism (con’t)
Pavlov-
“ Clasical conditioning
Thorndike
"Law Of Effect."
Skinner
"Operant Conditioning“

42. How can these rules of behavior, derived from the experiments with animals be applied to understanding human personality?

43. Applying Behaviorism to Personality
Skinner - most of human behavior is driven by secondary reinforcers, such as money & social praise, which derive their value from primary reinforcers.

44. Does Behaviorism explain personality?
HOW?
Albert Bandura 
self- representations
self-efficacy

45. Social Learning (Social Cognition) Albert Bandura

46. Social Cognitive Theory
Focus on
role of modeling on behavior as well as the role of social influences, expectations, and interpretations on behavior.

47. Bandura’s Self-Efficacy – in personality development
Can a person’s self-efficacy be changed?
HOW?

48. COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVES IN PERSONALITY

49. COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
Cognitive theory focused on the individual's thoughts as the determinate of his or her emotions and behaviors  personality. 

50. George Kelly: Pioneer in 1930s
Kelly criticized Psychoanalytic and behaviorism perspectives.
individual differences as a result of how we interpret and predict the events that affect us. 

51. Thus, Kelly’s 3 big ideas:
What we think determines what we do.
Some properties of our thoughts.
Techniques can help people change.

52. Albert Ellis
Ellis interpretation of cognitive model is often described as the A-B-C process.
According to Ellis, we experience:

53. Cognitive Social Learning Theory
Julian Rotter and Walter Mischel
cognitive factors  determine how people will react to environmental forces.

54. Cognitive Theory: Mischel’s Cognitive-Affective Personality System
Cognitive factors  important in shaping personality.
How??????
Also recognize inconsistency of some behaviors

55. Cognitive Theory: Mischel’s Cognitive-Affective Personality System
Inconsistency of some behaviors are due to:
Consistency Paradox
Person-Situation Interaction

56. HUMANISTIC THEORY

57. Humanistic Approach Humanistic personality theorists Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
Rollo May

58. Humanistic Approach
It encompasses phenomenological and existential approaches to human nature.
Phenomenological-
Existentialism  - 

59. Abraham Maslow Maslow "hierarchy of needs,“
a series of needs that people need to satisfy before they could reach their full potential.
emphasized on particular needs that people need to satisfy before they could become self-actualized.

60. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-Actualization
Physiological
Safety
Belongingness
Esteem

61. Carl Rogers Influence of psychotherapy:
the purpose of psychotherapy was to help patients find their "true selves."
emphasizing on:
Unconditional Positive Regard
Conditional Positive Regard

62. Rollo May
COURAGE TO BE!
each person need to take responsibility for his or her own choices even though constantly threatened by failure and, more importantly the possibility of non- being (death or dissolution).
personal growth and self-actualization  the result of courageously facing one's anxiety