1. Flight Operations
Chapter 23
Visual Navigation Fundamentals

2. Figure 23-1. IAS and TAS indicator.

3. Figure 23-2. Examples of the HDG/TAS vector.

4. Figure 23-3. Examples of the W/V vector.

5. Figure 23-4. Drift is the angle between heading and ground track.

6. Figure A wind of 230/20.

7. Figure 23-6. HDG/TAS + W/V = TR/GS—the triangle of velocities.

8. Figure 23-7. Tracking error is the angle between desired course and actual track.

9. Figure 23-8. The triangle of velocities—calculating a heading to achieve the desired course.

10. Figure 23-9. Two different synoptic situations at different times.

11. Figure 23-10. Periodically reset current reported altimeter setting.

12. Figure 23-11. VFR cruise altitudes above 3,000 feet AGL.

13. Figure Example 23-1.

14. Figure 23-13. Example 23-2 using 1,000 feet clearance and using 10% plus 1,500 feet.

15. Figure 23-14. The earth rotates at 15° of longitude per hour.

16. Figure 23-15. The apparent motion of the sun around the earth.

17. Figure 23-16. Standard time zones in the United States.

18. Figure 23-17. The sun does not shine evenly on the earth.

19. Figure 23-18. The higher the latitude, the longer the twilight.

20. Figure 23-19. The sun does not shine evenly on the earth.

21. Figure 23-20. An airplane can be in sight of the sun after it has set on the earth below.

22. Figure 23-21. Local sunrise and sunset is affected by terrain.

23. Figure Places A, B & C, although on the same meridian, experience different sunrise and sunset times because they are on different latitudes.

24. Figure 23-23. In the United States, official night commences at sunset
approximately +30 minutes and night ends at sunrise approximately –30 minutes.

25. Figure 23-24. The dateline runs basically along the 180° meridian.

26. Figure Crossing the dateline traveling eastward—subtract one day; traveling westward— add one day.

27. Figure Questions 11 and 12.

28. Figure Questions 13 and 14.

29. Figure Questions 15 and16.

30. Figure 23-29. Time conversion table.