1. Country Risk Analysis

2. Factors of Country Risk
Political risk factors:
Attitude of consumers in the host country
Attitude of host government
Blockage of fund transfers
Currency inconvertibility
War
Bureaucracy
Corruption

3. Political Risk Factors
Attitude of Consumers in the Host Country
Some consumers may be very loyal to homemade products.
Attitude of Host Government
The host government may impose special requirements or taxes, restrict fund transfers, subsidize local firms, or fail to enforce copyright laws.

4. Political Risk Factors
Blockage of Fund Transfers
Funds that are blocked may not be optimally used.
Currency Inconvertibility
The MNC parent may need to exchange earnings for goods.

5. Political Risk Factors
War
Internal and external battles, or even the threat of war, can have devastating effects.
Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy can complicate businesses.
Corruption
Corruption can increase the cost of conducting business or reduce revenue.

6. Factors of Country Risk
B. Financial risk factors:
Current and potential state of the country’s economy
Financial distress can limit the MNCs market penetration
Probability of changing rules and regulations after establishing business
Additional host government restrictions may be enforced
Change in interest rate, inflation rate and exchange rate.

7. Types of Country Risk Assessment
1. Macroassessment of country risk – it involves consideration of all variables that affect country risk except for those unique to a particular firm or industry. This type of risk is convenient in that it remains the same for a given country, regardless of the firm or industry of concern. Any macroassessment model should consider both political and financial characteristics of the country being assessed.

8. Types of Country Risk Assessment
2. Microassessment of country risk – a microassessment is neceessary when evaluating the country risk as related to a particular project proposed by a particular firm. It would include the sensitivity of the firm’s business to real GDP growth, inflation trends and interest rates. This risk is related only to a specific firm in a specific country.

9. Techniques to Assess Country Risk
Checklist approach – it involves judgement on all the political and financial factors that contribute to a firm’s assessment of country risk. Some factors can be measured from available data, while others must be subjectively measured.
Delphi technique – it involves the collection of independent opinions on country risk without group discussion by the assessors who provide these opinions.

10. Techniques to Assess Country Risk
3. Quantitative analysis – in this assessment based on financial and political variables different types of statistical techniques such as regression, correlation and discriminant analysis are applied for measuring level of country risk.
4. Inspection visit – it involves traveling to a country and meeting with government officials, firm executives and consumers.

11. Developing A Country Risk Rating
A checklist approach will require the following steps:
Assign values and weights to the political risk factors.
Multiply the factor values with their respective weights, and sum up to give the political risk rating.
Derive the financial risk rating similarly.

12. Developing A Country Risk Rating
A checklist approach will require the following steps:
Assign weights to the political and financial ratings according to their perceived importance.
Multiply the ratings with their respective weights, and sum up to give the overall country risk rating.

13. Developing A Country Risk Rating
Different country risk assessors have their own individual procedures for quantifying country risk.
Although most procedures involve rating and weighting individual risk factors, the number, type, rating, and weighting of the factors will vary with the country being assessed, as well as the type of corporate operations being planned.

14. Developing A Country Risk Rating
Firms may use country risk ratings when screening potential projects, or when monitoring existing projects.
For example, decisions regarding subsidiary expansion, fund transfers to the parent, and sources of financing, can all be affected by changes in the country risk rating.

15. Incorporating Country Risk in Capital Budgeting
If the risk rating of a country is in the acceptable zone, the projects related to that country deserve further consideration.
Country risk can be incorporated into the capital budgeting analysis of a project
by adjusting the discount rate, or
by adjusting the estimated cash flows.

16. Incorporating Country Risk in Capital Budgeting
Adjustment of the Discount Rate
The higher the perceived risk, the higher the discount rate that should be applied to the project’s cash flows.
Adjustment of the Estimated Cash Flows
By estimating how the cash flows could be affected by each form of risk, the MNC can determine the probability distribution of the net present value of the project.

17. Reducing Exposure to Host Government Takeovers
Use a short-term horizon
Rely on unique supplies or technology
Hire local labor
Borrow local funds
Purchase insurance

18. Reducing Exposure to Host Government Takeovers
The benefits of DFI can be offset by country risk, the most severe of which is a host government takeover.
To reduce the chance of a takeover by the host government, firms often use the following strategies:
Use a Short-Term Horizon
This technique concentrates on recovering cash flow quickly.

19. Reducing Exposure to Host Government Takeovers
Rely on Unique Supplies or Technology
In this way, the host government will not be able to take over and operate the subsidiary successfully.
Hire Local Labor
The local employees can apply pressure on their government.

20. Reducing Exposure to Host Government Takeovers
Borrow Local Funds
The local banks can apply pressure on their government.
Purchase Insurance
Investment guarantee programs offered by the home country, host country, or an international agency insure to some extent various forms of country risk.

21. Problem Political risk factors Financial risk factors
Rating assigned by company to factor within a range of 1-5 point scale
Weight assigned by company to factor according to importance
Political risk factors
Factor A
Factor B
Factor C
Factor D 4 3 2 1
30%
25%
35%
10%
Financial risk factors 5
40%
20%
15%

22. Problem
The overall weight for political risk factor is 75% and for financial risk factor is 25%. Based on these information determine the overall country risk rating. If the risk rating of a given country is 3.15, then the country would be preferred to make investment?

23. Impact of Country Risk on an MNC’s Value
Exposure of Foreign Projects to Country Risks