1. What are the 3 main functions of the lymphatic system?

2. 1. Immunity 2. Fluid homeostasis 3
1. Immunity 2. Fluid homeostasis 3. Absorption and transport of dietary lipids

3. What are the 2 main parts of the lymphatic system?

4. 1. Lymph vessels 2. Lymph nodes and organs

5. What is body fluid called when it is in the blood?

6. Plasma

7. What is body fluid called when it is in the lymph vessels?

8. lymph

9. What is body fluid called when it is surrounding the cells in the tissue?

10. Interstitial fluid

11. Where does the lymph fluid return to the blood?

12. The left and right subclavian veins ONLY

13. What happens in a lymph node?

14. Filters and cleans lymph fluid by phagocytes.

15. What are afferent and efferent vessels?

16. Afferent vessels lead into a node, efferent vessels are outgoing.

17. Why are there more afferent vessels than efferent?

18. This slows down the flow through the node allowing the phagocytes more time to do their job.

19. What is the function of the spleen?

20. Filters blood. is a blood reservoir. stores platelets
*Filters blood * is a blood reservoir *stores platelets *destroys worn out RBCs

21. What is the function of the tonsils?

22. Filters out particles that we eat and drink. (part of MALT)

23. What is the function of the Peyer’s Patches?

24. Trap and destroy bacteria & foreign materials in wall of small intestine. (part of MALT)

25. What is the function of the Thymus?

26. Site of T-lymphocyte development. Gets smaller as we age.

27. What structures assure the one way flow of lymph through the vessels and nodes?

28. Valves

29. What type of cells are found in the lymph nodes?

30. T and B lymphocytes and Macrophages

31. What is the function of Macrophages?

32. To phagocytize (engulf) foreign particles
To phagocytize (engulf) foreign particles. Also “present” antigens to T-cells for recognition.

33. What is the function of T-cells?

34. Involved in the specific line of defense that is cell mediated.

35. What are the 4 types of T-cells and their functions?

36. 1. Cytotoxic T (killer) – kill invading cells by secreting a chemical that causes cytolysis

37. 2. Helper T cells – *Stimulate Ts & Bs to reproduce * Attract other WBCs * Increase phagocytosis

38. 3. Suppressor T cells Stops the immune response

39. 4. Memory T cells Remember the response

40. What are lacteals and chyle?

41. Lacteals are the lymph capillaries in the small intestine that absorb dietary lipids. Chyle is the name for the lymph in that area. It is milky in color.

42. What is the 1st line of defense?

43. The first line of defense is NOT letting any foreign materials (antigens) into the body. It is non-specific

44. Name some of the participants in the 1st line of defense.

45. Skin, mucus, tears, gastric juice, saliva, hair, urine, sebum, keratin, vomiting, diarrhea, cilia, acidic vaginal lining

46. What is the 2nd line of defense?

47. Non-specific way to kill antigens once they enter the body.

48. How do Natural Killer Cells work in the 2nd line of defense?

49. They are special lymphocytes that kill antigens by secreting perforins which break down cell membranes

50. What are the steps of the inflammatory response?

51. How do Interferrons work in the 2nd line of defense?

52. Interferrons are secreted by cells infected with a virus that allow healthy cells to interfere with the life cycle of a virus if invaded by one.

53. How does Transferrin work in the 2nd line of defense?

54. Transferrin inhibits bacterial growth by limiting the amount of available IRON.

55. How does fever work in the 2nd line of defense?

56. Increases body temperature which increases cell metabolism which speeds up healing. Also makes it uncomfortable or unbearable to pathogen

57. How do Complement proteins function in the 2nd line of defense?

58. Complement proteins insert themselves into the cell membrane and causes lesions or holes, which leads to cytolysis

59. What type of cells give rise to macrophages?

60. Monocytes

61. What are the 2 types of specific body defenses?

62. 1. Humoral – antibody mediated 2. Cellular – cell mediated

63. What type of cells are involved in the Humoral response?

64. B- lymphocytes

65. What happens with the B-lymphocytes during the humoral response?

66. Antigen stimulates B-cell to clone itself
Antigen stimulates B-cell to clone itself. It makes mostly plama cells and some memory B-cells.

67. What is the function of the Plasma cells?

68. Plasma cells produce antibodies to the antigen

69. What is the function of the memory B-cells?

70. To remember how to make the antibody in case the body is invaded again.

71. What type of cells are involved in the Cellular response?

72. T- lymphocytes

73. What happens to the T-lymphocytes during the Cellular response?

74. T-cells reproduce and not only kill pathogens by cytolysis, but also have other jobs

75. What is a self antigen?

76. A self antigen is one that your body will not make antibodies to.

77. What is a non-self antigen?

78. A non-self antigen is one your body will make antibodies to.

79. What are some specific ways that antibodies work?

80. 1. They neutralize an exotoxin by attaching themselves to it and masking its effects.

81. 2. They stimulate complement proteins to make holes in the cell membrane that leads to cytolysis.

82. 3. They cause the antigens to agglutinate so they are marked and easy for macrophages to find.

83. What is an antibody?

84. 1. A protein that makes up the gamma globin of the of the blood

85. 2. They are secreted by the B- lymphocytes

86. 3. They bind to a specific antigen

87. 4. They target antigens for destruction

88. What disease makes antibodies that mimic TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)?

89. Grave’s Disease

90. What disease makes antibodies against a chemical at the receptor between muscles and nerves?

91. Myasthenia Gravis

92. What disease attacks the tissue around joints?

93. Rheumatoid Arthritis

94. What disease makes antibodies against nucleic acids, clotting factors and all blood cells?

95. Lupus

96. In what disease do the T-cell kill the insulin producing cells of the pancreas?

97. Type 1 Diabetes

98. In what disease are the myelin sheaths of the brain and spinal cord destroyed?

99. Multiple Sclerosis

100. What part of the immune system does the HIV virus affect?

101. Kills the helper T-cells.

102. What is an example of passive artificial immunity?

103. Getting serum from another organism to counteract a snake bite.

104. What is an example of passive natural immunity?

105. Passing of antibodies from mother to child either across the placenta or through breast milk.

106. What is an example of active natural immunity?

107. Building up antibodies due to having an infection

108. What is an example of active artificial immunity?

109. Getting a vaccine to acquire immunity to an antigen.

110. In the Inflammation Response, what are the 4 major symptoms?

111. Pain, Redness, Swelling and Heat

112. What causes the heat and redness?

113. Dilation of the blood vessels

114. What causes dilation of the blood vessels?

115. The damaged cells release HISTAMINE and KININS which are vasodilators

116. What causes the pain and swelling in the inflammatory response?

117. The capillaries leak fluid into the interstitial space.

118. What causes the capillaries to leak fluid?

119. The damaged cells release HISTAMINE and KININS which are vasodilators…causes leakage.

120. What type of cells enter the damaged area during the inflammatory response?

121. Macrophages and Neutrophils

122. What is the function of Macrophages and Neutrophils?

123. They are non-specific phagocytes. They engulf foreign particles.

124. Increased blood flow to the damaged area serves what 2 purposes?

125. 1. Brings more oxygen and nutrients to the area

126. 2. Increases the metabolic rate of the cells due to slightly higher temperature.

127. What is the end result of the inflammatory process?

128. HEALING should decrease the amount of time it takes to heal.

129. What is Chemotaxis?

130. Cells move to an area due to chemicals released. A chemical lure.

131. What is immunocompetent?

132. Mature immune cells, ready to do their job.

133. What would happen if some of your lymphatic vessels were blocked?

134. You would have edema in the area.

135. What is edema?

136. Fluid build up. Swelling.

137. What is pus?

138. Dead White Blood Cells and cell debris

139. What is an abscess?

140. Pus that cannot be cleared and becomes walled off.

141. What lymphatic organ is found anterior to the heart?

142. Thymus

143. What lymphatic organ is found to the left of the stomach?

144. Spleen