1. The student knows that natural events can impact Earth systems.
TEK 8.9 Earth and Space
The student knows that natural events can impact Earth systems.

2. The student is expected to:
8.9 A) Describe the historical development of evidence that supports plate tectonic theory.
8.9 B) Relate plate tectonics to the formation of crustal features.
8.9 C) Interpret topographic maps and satellite views to identify land and erosional features and predict how these features may be reshaped by weathering.

3. 8.9 Vocabulary
Continental Drift Pangaea Plate Tectonics Mountain Building Volcano Erosion Lithosphere Seafloor spreading Divergent plate boundary
Trench Topography Weathering Mid-Ocean Ridge Topographic map Asthenosphere Convergent plate boundary Transform boundary

4. Science Starters…Watch This!
The Himalayas The Ring of Fire Tsunami San Francisco Earthquake

5. The Theory of Continental Drift
-proposed by Alfred Wegner 1912
-states that all the continents were once connected in a single, large land mass
-broke apart 200 million years ago and drifted slowly to their current positions
-moving 1-10cm per year

6. Pangaea
Large ancient land mass that was composed of all the continents joined together.
Greek meaning “all land”

7. Pangaea

8. Pieces of a Puzzle

9. Fossil (plant/animal) Record

10. Rock Type and Structure

11. Climate

12. Evidence of Continental Drift
Pieces of a Puzzle
Fossil Record (similar fossils found on different continents)
Rock Type and Structure(similar rocks found on different continents)
Climate (fossils of plants and animals not suited for current climate of continent)

13. Pangaea

14. The Theory of Plate Tectonics
-proposed by Harry Hess in 1960’s -describes and explains the way that continents separated into today’s land masses from Pangaea (one large ancestral land mass).

15. Lithosphere
-the outermost layer of the Earth’s surface, which is rocky and solid.
-includes the crust and the rigid part of the upper mantle.
-Includes the tectonic plates that move on semi liquid mantle

17. **Asthenosphere**
Scientists believe that convection currents within the asthenosphere are responsible for the movement of the plates that form the Earth's crust.

19. Lithospheric Plates

20. Watch This
Continental Drift Bill Nye Layers of the Earth

21. The student is expected to:
8.9 A) Describe the historical development of evidence that supports plate tectonic theory.
8.9 B) Relate plate tectonics to the formation of crustal features.
8.9 C) Interpret topographic maps and satellite views to identify land and erosional features and predict how these features may be reshaped by weathering.

22. Plate Boundaries and Land Formations

23. Divergent Boundary “Di-”meaning two
Boundaries in which plates move apart
Results in a Rift Valley or Mid Ocean Ridge

24. Seafloor Spreading -Theory proposed by Harry Hess 1960
-States that new seafloor is formed when magma is forced upward toward the surface at a mid-ocean ridge.
Divergent boundaries

25. Seafloor Spreading

28. Mid Ocean Ridge
-an underwater volcanic mountain range -typically has a valley known as a rift running along its spine

29. Mid Ocean Ridge

30. Mid Ocean Ridge

31. Convergent Boundary -“con-” meaning together
-Boundaries that come together
-results in mountain building

33. Convergent Boundary (subduction)
-the process in which one lithospheric plate slides under another -can result in volcanoes and a trench.

36. Transform Boundary -Boundaries run transversely to each other.
Slide past each other
-Creates fault lines
Origin of earthquakes

37. Transform Boundary

38. Hayward Fault Line Berkely, California

39. University of California Memorial Stadium

41. B A IV I D II
III C

42. The student is expected to:
8.9 A) Describe the historical development of evidence that supports plate tectonic theory.
8.9 B) Relate plate tectonics to the formation of crustal features.
8.9 C) Interpret topographic maps and satellite views to identify land and erosional features and predict how these features may be reshaped by weathering.

43. Topographic Map
A topographical map is one that shows the physical features of the land. Besides just showing landforms such as mountains and rivers, the map also shows the elevation changes of the land. Elevation is shown using contour lines.

44. Topographic Map

45. Contour line (contour)
-connects points of the same elevation (height above sea level).
-closed contours indicate hills.

46. Contour Lines

47. Contour interval
-difference in the elevation between any two contour lines on a topographic map

48. Contour Interval

49. Slope Contour lines spaced far apart Shallow slope
Contour lines spaced close together
Steep slope
Contour lines spaced evenly
Constant slope

50. Index contour
- a contour line that is darker than nearby lines and has its elevation labeled.

51. Index Contours

52. Valleys and Ridges Valleys, including rivers, will show as
v-shaped lines pointing in the direction of higher elevation
Ridges, including hill tops and mountain ranges, will show as v-shaped lines pointing in the direction of lower elevation.

53. Topographic Map Features
Valley
Ridge
Key
--- road

54. Topographic Map
Should also include -North Arrow (shows direction) -Scale (show size) -Key or legend (showing certain land features or points)

55. Topographic Map Features
Key
--- road

56. What is Topography?
Watch this!