1. INFECTIONS
Allergies, Fungal, Bacterial, Viral, Infection, Inflammation, and Genetic

2. Skin Homeostatic Imbalances
Infections
Skin can develop more than 1000 different ailments
Most common skin disorders are allergies, bacterial, fungal, or viral infections
Less common skin conditions are burns and skin cancer

3. Types of Infections
Athlete’s foot – itchy, red, peeling condition between the toes from fungus.
Boils and carbuncles
Inflammation of the sebaceous glands by bacteria
Area: hair follicles & sebaceous glands
Cold Sores – also known as fever blisters – small fluid-filled blisters that itch and sting caused by herpes simplex virus – it can be activated by emotions, fever, or UV radiation – cold sores occur around the lips and in the oral mucosa of the mouth

4. Contact dermatitis – itching, redness, and swelling of the skin progressing to blisters – caused by exposure to chemicals that provoke allergic reactions
Impetigo – pink, water-filled, raised lesions that develop a yellow crust and rupture – found around the mouth and nose – caused by bacterial infection – common in elementary school-aged children
Psoriasis – chronic condition with reddened epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales – can be disfiguring when severe – can be hereditary – attacks are triggered by trauma, infection, hormonal changes, and stress

5. Skin Cancer 2. Malignant Cancer – abnormal cell mass
Two types of Cancer
1. Benign
Does not spread (encapsulated)
2. Malignant
Metastasized** (moves) to other parts of the body
Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer
Risk factors for skin cancer are exposure to UV radiation in sunlight

6. Skin Cancer Types 1. Basal cell carcinoma Least malignant
Most common type
Arises from stratum basale
It is slow growing
Full cure happens 99% of the cases where the lesion is removed surgically

7. Skin Cancer Types 2. Squamous cell carcinoma
Arises from stratum spinosum
Metastasizes to lymph nodes
Lesion appear as a scaly reddened papule that forms a shallow ulcer with a raised border
Appears often on the scalp, ears, dorsum of the hands, and lower lip
Sun-induced
Caught early and surgically removed or by radiation therapy, complete cure is good

8. Skin Cancer Types 3. Malignant melanoma Most deadly of skin cancers
Cancer of melanocytes
Can begin wherever there is pigment, most appear spontaneously, but some develop from pigmented moles
Appears as a spreading brown to black patch and metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels
Early detection helps survival using ABCD rule
Treatment is surgical removal and chemotherapy

9. ABCD Rule A Asymmetry B Border Irregularity C Color D Diameter
Two sides of pigmented mole do not match
B Border Irregularity
Borders of mole are not smooth
C Color
Different colors in pigmented area
D Diameter
Spot is larger then 6 mm in diameter

10. BURNS

11. Skin Homeostatic Imbalances
Burns
Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals
Associated dangers
1. Dehydration
2. Electrolyte imbalance
3. Circulatory shock

12. Rule of Nines Way to determine the extent of burns
Body is divided into 11 areas for quick estimation
Each area represents about 9%
Figure 4.11a

13. Severity of Burns
First-degree burns
Only epidermis is damaged
Skin is red and swollen
Heal in 2-3 days
Example is sunburn
Partial-thickness burn

14. Second-degree burns Severity of Burns
Epidermis and upper dermis are damaged
Skin is red with blisters
No permanent scars, regrowth happens
Partial-thickness burns

15. Third-degree burns Severity of Burns Destroys entire skin layer
Burn is gray-white or black
Nerve endings are burned, the area is not painful
Regrowth cannot occur, skin grafting must be done to cover the exposed tissue
Full-thickness burns

16. Critical Burns Burns are considered critical if:
Over 25% of body has second degree burns
Over 10% of the body has third degree burns
There are third degree burns of the face, hands, or feet
Joint injuries can be troublesome because scar tissue forms and can limit mobility