1. Disaster Risk Management
Achala Dahal/ Gyan Laxmi Shrestha
Nepal Administrative Staff College

2. Learning objectives
Having gone through this session participants will be able to:
Understanding of Disaster Risk Management
Disaster Governance
Role of Government
Approaches to DRM
12/05/2018

4. Your personal story about disaster

5. Nepal is disaster prone due to
Nepal is beautiful country, but …
Nepal is disaster prone due to
Difficult Geological Terrain
8848 Meter
70 Meter

6. disaster prone due to … Unplanned settlement LD-
Since 1997, the population in KTM valley has doubled, and is estimated to be approaching 3 million
Nepal has a building code (passed in 1994, and in line with international standards) but enforcement is weak and is not yet compulsory in all municipalities in the Kathmandu Valley.
In Kathmandu, buildings are “weapons of mass destruction” – it is buildings that will kill people, not the earthquake.
So as this picture shows, the challenge in reducing this risk, and in preparing for the next big quake is formidable.

7. Poor construction practices
disaster prone due to ….
Poor construction practices
JKW- From an international organization perspective, I can highlight a few key areas of learning so far-
First, the Government needs to lead this process and to coordinate efforts, and actors need to be transparent about their work.
Second, planning frameworks in urban context are longer- there is no way to prepare for an emergency response in a major urban centre without involving development actors. Goals cannot be achieved without stakeholders like the ministry of finance, IFIs, municipal authorities also prioritising this work. However, we’ve also find that when the case is made they are willing to try to help.
Third, in Nepal we have a joint Humanitarian Coordinator/ Resident Coordinator representing the IASC and the UNCT. This structure is useful, as this role is able to play an important bridging role within the international community to bring humanitarian and development actors closer together.
And finally, its worth noting that when the NRRC was launched in Nepal it had no funds, it looked ludicrulously ambitious, and no major donors said they were willing to commit funds. But by working to set clear goals, developing rough budgets, and by looking at where options existed to adapt existing programmes or to influence future decision making slowly donors are coming on board. Our challenge now is not funds but absorption capacity, whic
Photo Kushal Goya

8. disaster prone due to …
Cultivation of unsuitable land

9. Major Recurrent Disasters in Nepal
Flood
Landslide
Earthquake
Epidemics
Fire
Hailstone
Drought
GLOF
Avalanches
Windstorm
Thunderbolt
Frequent Disaster : Landslide and Flood..
Hidden disaster : Thunderbolt
Earthquake left massive destruction recently
Earthquake is likely to happen again!!!!

10. Facts….
39 % Asia
56 % death
88 % affected
12/05/2018

11. 1. Fundamental of Disaster Risk Management

12. Basic Terminologies

13. Hazard- k|sf]k
A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.
To:tf 8/nfUbf kl/36gf, j:t', dfgjLo lqmofsnfk, jf kl/l:ylt h;sf sf/0fn] Hofgsf] gf]S;fgL, 3fOt] x'g] ;Defjgf jf cGo :jf:Yo;DaGwL c;/x¿, wgdfnsf] Iflt, hghLljsf tyf ;]jfx¿sf] gf]S;fgL, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ult/f]w, jf jftfj/0fLo x|f; ;d]t lgDTofpF5 .

14. Types of Hazard Natural Hazards : part of the natural environment
Hydro-meteorological hazards
Typhoons
Storm surges
Floods
Geologic hazards
Earthquake
Landslides
Oceanic Hazards
Tsunami
Tidal Surges
Biological Hazards
Epidemics
Insect Infestation

15. Types of Hazard Man-made Hazards : human induced hazards
Socio-natural Hazards
Forest denudation
Famine
Increased occurrences of natural hazards
Socio-political Hazards
War
Civil unrest
Technological Hazards
Transport accidents
Toxic substance poisoning
Contamination of food and water sources

16. \
Disaster - ljkb
A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
Kf|efljt ;dfh jf ;d'bfon] cfˆg} ana'tf / ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|of]u u/L ;fdgf ug{ g;Sg] :t/sf] To:tf] uDeL/ k|sf]k hGo 36gf h;af6 x'g;Sg] dfgjLo, ef}lts, cfly{s / jftfj/0fLo Ifltn] ubf{ ;fdfGo ;fdflhs k|lqmof cj?4 x'g]5 .

17. Exposure - :fDd'vtf
People, property, systems, or other elements present in hazard zones that are thereby subject to potential losses.
k|sf]k If]qdf cjl:yt dflg;, wgdfn, ;+oGq jf cGo tTjx¿ / k|sf]kaLrsf] cj:yf ;fy} k|sf]ksf] k|efj / ;Defljt Iflt a]xf]g'{kg]{ cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ .

18. Vulnerability - :fª\s6f;GGftf
A set of prevailing or consequential conditions which adversely affect people’s ability prevent, mitigate, prepare for and respond to hazardous events.
The characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.
s'g} ;d'bfo, k|0ffnL jf ;|f]t ;+;fwgdf k|sf]ksf sf/0f lglDtg ;Sg] 3fts Pj+ ;+j]bgzLn cj:yfnfO{ ;ª\s6f;Ggtf elgG5 . ;d'bfosf] ;ª\s6f;Ggtf To;df /x]sf] ul/jL, z}lIfs cj:yf nufot ljleGg kIfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . 18

19. Factors of Vulnerability
Physical / Material Vulnerability
Hazard-prone location of community houses, farmlands, infrastructure, basic services
Design and construction materials of houses and buildings
Insecure and risky sources of livelihood
Lack of basic services: education, health, safe drinking water, shelter, sanitation, roads, electricity, communication
Exposed to violence (domestic, armed conflicts)
Age and disability

20. Factors of Vulnerability
Social / Organizational Vulnerability
Weak family / kinship structures
Lack of leadership and initiative to solve problems or conflicts
Exclusion of certain groups from decision-making or unequal participation in community affairs
Absence or weak community organizations
Social status (castes, ethnicity, gender)
Neglect from government and civil institutions

21. Factors of Vulnerability
Motivational / Attitudinal Vulnerability
Negative attitude towards change
Passivity, fatalism, hopelessness
Lack of initiative
Dependence on external support
Lack of knowledge and skills
Extremism

22. Capacity - Ifdtf
The combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources available within a community, society or organization that can be used to achieve agreed goals.
…. resources, means and strengths, which exist in households and communities and which enable them to cope with, withstand, prepare for, prevent, mitigate, or quickly recover from a disaster.
pknAw ;fwg, ;|f]t, 1fg / ;Lksf] ;d'lrt pkof]u u/L s'g} klg k|lts"n cj:yf jf cfktsfn jf ljkb\sf] cj:yfdf kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf tyf Joj:yfkg ug{ JolQm, ;d'bfo Pj+ ;ª3;+:yfx¿df cGtlg{lxt x'G5 . 22

23. Factors of Capacity Physical / Economic Capacity Money / Cash
Real Properties
Stable sources of income and livelihood
Safe infrastructures
Food security
Balanced natural environment
Limited number of hazards events

24. Factors of Capacity Social / Organizational Capacity
Relationship with relatives and family
People – centered government
Strong civil society / empowered community
Functional community based and civic organizations
Optimum availability of basic social and health services
Strong social networks and institutions

25. Factors of Capacity Motivational / Attitudinal Capacity
Knowledgeable and skillful
Confidence and self-esteem
Proactive attitude
Open to change and new ideas
Continual learning
Building on experiences
Positive perception in life

26. Existing Institutional Instruments
Natural Calamity (Relief ) Act, 1982
Local Self Governance Act, 1999
National Strategy for DRM 2009
Rescue and Relief Standards, 2007
Sector specific policies and plans (NPC)
National Disaster Management Act ( Proposed)
National Disaster Response Framework with 49 activities
Disaster Preparedness and Response Plan almost all district
UN has recently set up Nepal DRR consortium which provides a common opportunity to spur GON agencies and international community into action.CDRMP mainstreams disaster risk reduction and preparedness into national planning systems

27. Institutional Framework (in line with 1982 Act)
Rescue and Treatment
Sub-Committee
Chaired by Minister of Health and Population
Cabinet
(Policy, Budget and Emergency Declaration)
Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee
(chaired by Home Minister)
(Coordination, Response, Rescue, Relief)
Regional Natural Disaster Relief Committee
Chaired by Regional Administrator
District Disaster Relief Committee
Chaired by Chief District Officer
(Execution, Rescue & Relief, Data collection)
Supply, Shelter and Rehabilitation Sub-Committee
Chaired by Minister of PP&W
Prime-Minister Natural Disaster Relief Fund
Central Natural Disaster Relief Fund
National EOC c
Regional EOC
District EOC

28. National Emergency Operation Centre (NEOC)
Normal Phase
(Preparedness & IM)
Alert Phase
(Alerts agencies and authorities for an imminent emergency)
Response Phase
(leads coordination and communication for response)
Recovery Phase
(Coordinate Early Recovery efforts)
NEOC House

29. Emergency Response Mechanism (GoN)
MoHA, / NEOC
Situation Analysis
(CDO, DDRC)
(Search, Rescue, Immediate Relief)
CNDRC meeting held
UN Resident / Humanitarian Coordinator
UNDAC / USAR Teams
International Appeal
Government Line Agencies
Clusters Activated
INGOs & others
GON Declares Disaster
(area, time)
Disaster

30. Disaster Risk
The potential disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets and services, which could occur to a particular community or a society over some specified future time period.

31. HAZARD X
VULNERABILITY :
CAPACITY
DISASTER RISK

32. Capacity
Vulnerability
Risk
Hazard

34. Disaster Risk Management
The systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and activities to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster.

35. Our role in any disaster
What is our role in any disaster ?
Personal role
Organisational role

36. 3. Disaster risk management cycle

37. cEof;
ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf ul/g] lqmofsnfkx? s] s] x'g<

38. cEof; Arrange following in disaster cycle order
hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f (Risk Reduction)
e08f/ dfkg (Stock Piling)
clNks/0f (Mitigation)
k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL (Early Warning System)
k'g{:yfkgf (Rehabilitation)
/f]syfd (Prevention)
k"j{ tof/L (Preparedness)
k'g{lgdf{0f (Reconstruction)
p2f/ (Rescue)
ljkb\ cufl8 (Pre Disaster)
/fxft (Relief)
ljkb\ kZrft (Post- Disaster)
k'g{nfe (Recovery)
k|ltsfo{ (Response)

39. DRM Cycle Disaster Preparedness Pre disaster Risk Reduction
Post disaster
Response
Recovery

40. DRM Cycle Disaster Preparedness Pre disaster Risk Reduction
Early Warning
Disaster
Preparedness
Stock pilling
Mitigation
Risk Reduction
Rescue
Pre disaster
Response
Prevention
Post disaster
Relief
Rehabilitation
Recovery
Reconstruction

41. -ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf cjwf/0fx?_
Disaster Risk Management Approaches
-ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf cjwf/0fx?_

42. Traditional Approach -k/Dk/fut cjwf/0ff_
One has to help others in peril
Collection of grains and vegetables by relatives and neighbors during disaster
Helping disabled and building resting platforms for victims collecting help from each other and others

43. Sustainable development approach -lbuf] ljsf; cjwf/0ff_
This approach facilitates the adoption of disaster mitigation programmes -clNks/0f sfo{qmdx?_ at the local level including structural and non structural - ;+/rgfut tyf u}/ ;+/rgfut_ measures.
It promotes the incorporation of disaster risk management in development planning.
It enhances the capacities of communities and coping systems at various levels and sectors towards self reliance and self sufficiency in managing disaster effectively.

44. Vulnerability reduction approach -;+s6f;Ggtf Go"lgs/0f cjwf/0ff_
This approach addresses both the vulnerability and resilience by dealing with the causes of stresses and disasters, and strengthening communities at risk.
It includes a number of coordinated activities on vulnerability assessment, prevention and mitigation, and preparedness for response.
This insists on the building resilience capacity of the communities through strengthening their livelihood capacities.

45. Vulnerability to resilience approach (V2R) -;+s6f;Ggtf b]lv pTyfgzLntf cjwf/0ff_
Capacitates vulnerable communities to absorb hazard stresses and shocks and bring their livelihoods back to original position.
It focuses on building adaptive capacity of livelihood elements to enhance their resilience capacities.
It is a two way approach of reducing hazard, exposure and sensitivity at one side and enhancing coping and restoration capacity of those vulnerable on the other.

47. Strengths for resilience

49. Behaviour Key Challenges
Lack of authority bearing or less accountability
Converting situation towards personal opportunity to gain
Tendency of playing with loopholes
Weak compliance
12/05/2018

50. Structure
Technical and financial capacity to successfully implement plans;
Difficult terrain and weak logistics resulting in delayed response;
Management of warehouses and Limited stockpiling;
Trained and consolidated Search and Rescue Team;
Communication equipment and infrastructures;
Implementation of National Building Codes;
Management of evacuation sites;
Limited Fire Services
Risk insurance ? tranfering risk ?
12/05/2018

51. Cost on human lives

52. Cost on human lives

53. Cost on children

54. Case of Surkhet

55. Vulnerability: Earthquake

56. Our behaviour-Our lost-Darchula

57. Cost on development

58. Cost on human lives

61. Value of Tree?

62. Collective solutions to individual
The American dream: the individual solution
European tradition: collective solutions
What should we be doing?

64. Stay safe, keep safe
Thank you