1. FACTORS INFLUENCING ABILITY AND INABILITY TO REMEMBER
MEMORY
FACTORS INFLUENCING ABILITY
AND INABILITY TO REMEMBER

2. The inability to retrieve previously stored information
FORGETTING
The inability to retrieve previously stored information

3. FORGETTING
If information is stored or represented in memory then it is said to be available.
If information can be recovered from memory and brought into conscious awareness at a specific time and/or place, then it is said to be accessible.

4. CONTEXT AND STATE DEPENDENT CUES

5. Retrieval through re-creating the conditions under which the material was originally learned

6. CONTEXT DEPENDENT CUES
Environmental cues in the specific situation (‘context’) where a memory was formed that act as retrieval cues to help access the memories formed in that context.
police investigating a crime take an eyewitness back to the crime scene cues in the environment may be important in helping to locate and retrieve related memories.
These cues may include the sights, sounds and smells within the specific situation.

7. Beach or 5 metres under water
Godden and baddeley (75)
Divers
40 unrelated words
Beach or 5 metres under water
Recalled 20% more words when tested in the setting they learned the words in
They’ve tried it with schools and tests/exams but found it’s more if you’re in a completely different environment so if your classroom is different to exam room there’s no significant difference, unless your classroom was a beach.

9. What would happen in an exam/school setting?
Results are inconclusive – the rooms are similar enough that you get good recall.

10. STATE DEPENDENT CUES
Associated with an individual’s internal physiological and/or psychological state at the time the memory was formed, and act as retrieval cues to help access those memories.
For example, if you learn information when you are happy, sad, intoxicated, sober, calm or aroused, that information is more likely to be retrieved when you are in the same ‘state’

11. Hid alcohol or money when intoxicated
GOODWIN (69)
Heavy drinkers
Hid alcohol or money when intoxicated
Forgot where they hid them once sober
Remembered once intoxicated again

12. STATE DEPENDENT RETRIEVAL
Thus state dependent retrieval involves better recall of information when the physiological and/ or psychological states of learning and retrieval match.
Goodwin also found that participants who were intoxicated when learning and sober at recall performed the worst.
So overall you remember less if intoxicated with something
Your mood also provides state dependent retrieval cues.
Thus, the emotional states become retrieval cues when we feel good or bad again, and they trigger memories that are consistent with the mood.

13. Tot phenomenon Write down the names given to the following:
A person who gives their life for a cause
Intentionally giving a false answer while under oath
A meeting of people who seek to receive a message from the dead
Deer’s flesh as food
Reddish-purple colour
A jewelled ornament worn in the hair by women
A person who makes maps
The first person to walk on the moon
A device for performing calculations by moving beads along rods
The mythical figure that is half-man, half-horse

14. TIP-OF-THE-TONGUE
The feeling of being aware of knowing something and being confident that it will be remembered, but unable to retrieve the information at that point in time.
When we experience TOT, we can usually remember certain features of the sought-after item in memory, but not all the features.
e.g. words – I can often recall the length and the first letter

15. TOT
Involves partial retrieval process in which bits of information can act as retrieval cues for the required information,
It is possible that all information stored in LTM is still there, but just cannot be retrieved until the right cue is used to call it out of storage.

16. Retrieving is not an all-or-nothing process
WHAT TOT SHOWS US…
Retrieving is not an all-or-nothing process
Information in LTM is stored in a variety of forms and that a certain type of cue is required for a certain type of information
TOT experiences indicate that information stored in LTM is organised and connected in relatively logical ways
For example, the storage of a specific memory can involve a number of different locations in the brain, and for the complete memory to be retrieved, each of these locations must be accessed. Therefore, retrieval failure occurs because we have accessed only one or two of the locations, resulting in retrieval of only part of the entire memory.

18. MAINTENANCE AND ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL

19. REMEMBER THESE ITEMS
Bread
Table
Apple
Knife
Tree
Dog

20. MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL
Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating the information being remembered over and over again so that it can be retained (or ‘maintained’) in STM (or working memory).
Repetition of words etc.

21. WORDS AND SOUNDS
Maintenance rehearsal can occur vocally, by repeating the information aloud over and over again, or sub- vocally, by silently repeating the words or a tune ‘in your head’.

22. VISUAL
Using something like an ‘inner eye’ to maintain the image of the object or scene in STM for a period after you first see it.

23. Is this similar to…?
If you want it to go to LTM

24. ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL
The process of linking new information in a meaningful way with other new information or information already stored in LTM to aid in its storage and retrieval from LTM Self-reference effect
e.g. memorising a definition by writing it down will be better if you link it with something in your memory (e.g. an example).
The more you elaborate or flesh out an idea, the more likelihood you will have of remember it.
Self-reference – linking it to ourselves, more likely to remember it.

26. SERIAL POSITION EFFECT

27. Remember the following words
House
Apple
Dog
Table
Radio
Chair
Lamp
towel
Hair
Tree
Pan
Leaf
Bag
Drum
book

28. How many did you remember?
Go through and see how many remembered 1st word, 2nd word etc.

30. SERIAL POSITION EFFECT
A finding that recall is better for items at the end and beginning of the list than for items in the middle of the list. Free recall: any order Serial recall: same order

31. THE EFFECTS
Primacy
superior recall of items at the beginning of a list.
Recency
superior recall of items at the end of a list.

32. SERIAL POSITION EFFECT
Why?

33. Serial position effect Glanzer + Cunitz (66)
Beginning: receive more attention/rehearsal and transfer to LTM Middle: too late to be rehearsed and too early to be held in STM End: still in STM

35. MNEMONIC DEVICES
ACRONYMNS
RHYMES
NARRATIVE CHAINING
ACROSTICS

36. ACRONYMS
Pronounceable words formed from the first letters of a sequence of words. ANZAC EFTPOS SPECT

37. ACROSTICS
Acrostics, or the first-letter technique, involve making verbal associations for items to be remembered by constructing phrases or sentences using the first letters of the information to be remembered.

38. ACROSTICS
Never Eat Soggy Weetbix North South East West Every good boy deserves fruit E G B D F

39. NARRATIVE CHAINING
Linking otherwise unrelated items to one another (‘chaining’) to form a meaningful sequence or story (‘narrative’).

41. NARRATIVE CHAINING
Adds meaning
Adds organisation

42. RHYME
A rhyme is a phrase or string of words (such as a jingle), often with an emphasis on similar sounding key words.
For example, the rhyme ‘i before e, except after c’ assists memory for the correct spelling of words containing ie and ei,