1. Circulation
Chapter 51

3. Coronary
Circulation

4. Cardiac Cycle Animation
SA node
Heart sounds S1 S2
Murmur

5. Cardiac Output (CO)
Cardiac output- amount of blood ejected each minute
Stroke volume (SV) - amount of blood ejected each beat
CO= SV x HR

6. How does each of the following impact cardiac output?
Heart rate
Preload
Contractility
Afterload

7. Blood Functions Hemoglobin (Hgb) Transporting Removal
Regulating body temperature, pH, and fluid volume
Preventing infection and blood loss
Hemoglobin (Hgb)

8. Life Span Considerations
Newborns
Children
Older adult

9. Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
Nonmodifiable
Modifiable

10. Alterations in Cardiovascular Function
Decreased cardiac output
Impaired tissue perfusion
Ischemia
Atherosclerosis
Blood Alterations

12. Assessing
Nursing history
Physical assessment

13. Assessing Diagnostic studies Cardiac monitoring Blood tests
Hemoglobin
Electrolytes
Creatinine kinase (CK)
Troponin
Hemodynamic studies

14. Nursing Diagnoses Ineffective Peripheral Tissue Perfusion
Risk for Decreased Cardiac Tissue Perfusion
Decreased Cardiac Output
Activity Intolerance

15. Planning Maintain or improve tissue perfusion
Maintain or restore adequate cardiac output

16. Implementing
Positioning
Ambulation
Exercises

17. Implementing Intake & Output (I&O) Medications Prevent venous stasis
Education to promote health heart

18. Figure The sequential venous compression device enhances venous return. They are available in knee-high or above-the-knee length. (Photographer: Elena Dorfman)