1. Cardiovascular System, Blood, and Circulation

2. State Standard
19) Outline the gross and cellular anatomy and physiology of the musculoskeletal, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems. Discuss acceptable levels of development, vital signs, and psychological norms for all ages, including pediatric and geriatric patients. Review the gross anatomy of the other systems studied in previous courses.

3. Objective Students will be able to…
Identify the basic structure of the heart.
Locate sites for assessment of pulse
Determine blood pressure through assessments

4. FUNCTIONS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN HOMEOSTASIS
Heart pumps and circulates blood to all parts of the body
Blood vessels circulate blood between heart and cells
Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carries away wastes
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

5. Discussion
Applying what you know about the different body systems, which one works closely with the circulatory system? How are all of the systems impacted by a problem with the cardiovascular system?
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

6. What makes up the CIRCULATORY SYSTEM?
Heart
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Blood
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

7. The Heart Research: What is the typical size of a human heart?
Discussion:
What body cavity is the heart located in?
Describe the position of the heart compared to the lungs with medical directional terms

8. THE HEART
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

9. STRUCTURE OF THE HEART The heart is a hollow, muscular, double pump
Pericardium – surrounds the heart
Myocardium - cardiac muscle tissue
Endocardium - Smooth inner lining
Septum - Muscular wall separating heart into two halves
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

10. Layers of the Heart
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

11. STRUCTURE OF THE HEART Four chambers of the heart Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Draw this square “heart” in your notes and label the 4 chambers
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

12. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

13. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART
Two major functions occur with each heart beat
Systemic circulation
Right heart: Blood is taken to the lungs for oxygen
Left heart: Blood is taken from lungs to be circulated throughout body
Coronary circulation
The heart receives its blood supply from the coronary artery
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

14. Discussion
Why would the heart need its own blood supply separate from blood circulating around the body?
What happens to the heart tissues if this blood flow is disrupted?
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

15. Discussion
Applying what you know about the anatomy of the heart and what you just learned about the function of arteries and veins, which type of vessel carries oxygenated blood? Deoxygenated blood?
Which type of vessel would have a pulse that you can feel? Why?

16. Composition of Blood Plasma Red blood cells Platelets
Fluid portion of blood
More than half of blood’s volume
Red blood cells
RBCs, carry oxygen
White blood cells
WBCs, fight infection
Platelets
Help with clotting
Talking Points: The red and white blood cells and platelets are carried in the plasma. The primary function of red blood cells is to carry oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide away from the tissues. These cells also provide the red color to the blood. White blood cells are involved in destroying microorganisms (germs) and producing substances called antibodies, which help the body resist infection. Platelets are membrane-enclosed fragments of specialized cells. When these fragments are activated, they release chemical clotting factors needed to form blood clots.

17. Pulse
Wave of blood flowing down an artery when the left ventricle contracts
Can be felt when an artery is near the surface of the skin and over a bone

18. Peripheral and Central Pulses
Peripheral (outer parts of body)
Radial
Brachial
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
Central (core of body)
Carotid
Femoral
Apical
Talking Points: The carotid pulse, rather than a peripheral pulse, should be used to determine pulselessness.

19. Central Pulses Pulses near the center or core of the body Carotid
Femoral
Carotid pulse should be used to determine pulselessness rather than a peripheral pulse
Apical Pulse must be assessed using a stethoscope.

20. Discussion What are you actually feeling at the pulse points?
What vital sign would this correlate with?
Work together with a partner to point out the pulse points. Use your book or Ipad

21. Carotid Pulse

22. Brachial Pulse

23. Radial Pulse

24. Femoral Pulse

25. Dorsalis Pedis Pulse

26. Blood Pressure Pressure inside arteries
Systolic (upper reading)—arterial pressure when left ventricle contracts
Diastolic (lower reading)—pressure when left ventricle refills

27. Perfusion
Adequate circulation of blood and exchange of oxygen and waste products
Hypoperfusion (shock): when flow becomes inadequate
Points to Emphasize: Glucose is converted by the cells into energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Oxygen is a necessary component of this conversion process. When oxygen is present, glucose is converted in a process called aerobic metabolism. This process produces sufficient amounts of energy and minimal waste products. If oxygen is not present in sufficient supply, the process will shift to anaerobic metabolism. The movement of oxygen from the blood into the cells, coupled with the removal of waste products, is referred to as perfusion. In order for cells to be oxygenated and carbon dioxide to be removed, air must be reaching the alveoli, and it must be matched up with a sufficient supply of blood in the pulmonary capillaries.
Talking Points: Hypo is the medical prefix meaning “low.”
Discussion Topics: Describe the elements required for the production of adenosine triphosphate. Compare and contrast aerobic metabolism with anaerobic metabolism. Why is aerobic metabolism better for the body system?

28. Think About It
How is the function of the respiratory system related to the function of the circulatory system?

29. Activity
With a partner complete Station 2 under Cardiac lab activities. You will practice assessing each other pulses and heart sounds.
With a partner complete Station 4 Blood pressure under Cardiac lab activities.
***Have we accomplished all of our objectives?***
Individually complete the Station 2 and 4 Analysis questions