2. Leadership of the Faithful
The Caliph == head of state in a Caliphate
leader of the Islamic community
Caliph means "successor" or "representative".

3. #5 - How did Islam Spread ? 10.2
After Muhammad’s death Abu- Bakr, loyal friend of Muhammad elected Caliph “leader”
First four Caliphs expand Islam – all had personally known Muhammad.
Used Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions as guides to leadership
Islam was a religion that was distinctly Arab
Parallels with Christianity and Judaism

4. Rightly Guided Caliphs
Why known as the “rightly guided” caliphs
First Caliphs who followed Muhammad
Jihad – “striving”, inner struggle against evil, also
armed struggle against non believers/Holy War guarantee entrance into paradise

5. Spread of Islam Islam unites all Arabs What is a Jihad?
Qur’an says to spread faith.
What is a Jihad?
Inner struggle (good vs. evil)
Holy War- Against non believers
Koran on the conquered:
People of the book
Religious tolerance
Byzantine and Persian Empires

6. Divisions within Islam – Present-day Sunni – 83% Shities 16%
Believe first four Caliphs were “rightly guided”
Muslim rulers – follow Muhammad’s example “Sunna” No Dynasty
Shites have distorted meaning of passages in Qur’an
Shi’a aka Shites
Only recognize 4th Caliph Ali – descendant of Muhammad is the rightful leader
Muslim rulers should descend from Muhammad
Sunnis leaders too lavish
Sunni have distorted meaning of passage in Qur’an

7. Sufism: Muslim Mystics
No Materialism
Devotion to a spiritual path

8. Similarities Semitic Origins Devine Revelation
Judaism, Christianity, Islam –
All accept The prophets-Abraham the first
Devine Revelation
Judaism- Mt. Sinai-Moses
Christianity- Jesus is god/Messiah
Islam- Mohammad - Mt. Hira – Allah is god

9. Similarities Ethical Orientation Linear concept of History
Good vs. Evil
Obedience vs. Disobedience to God
Ethical Code
Linear concept of History
Creation
God works throughout history.

10. Similarities Holy Books Ethical System 10 Commandments 5 Pillars
Torah – It is composed of the Five Books of Moses and 39 other important Jewish texts.
Bible – For Christians the Old & New Testament.
Koran – For Muslims writings of Mohammad which are revelations from God to Mohammad
Ethical System
10 Commandments
5 Pillars
Life after death

11. Similarities Devotion to traditions in Torah, Bible and Koran
Stories of Adam, Abraham, Noah, Moses

12. Differences No intermediaries (Priests) No saints
Angels were just messengers

13. Wars of Expansion
First Four Caliphs expanded Islam 6,000 miles - Atlantic Ocean to Indus River
Conquered Damascus and Jerusalem
Conquered Persian Empire & then Northern Africa
In the year 711, Muslims entered Spain

14. Battle of Tours - 732 Charles Martel Islamic Army is defeated
The Hammer
Tours, France
Islamic Army is defeated
Christianity is preserved in Europe

15. Reasons for Success 1. Well Disciplined & expertly commanded army
2. Weak empires Byzantine & Persian empires fought one another to exhaustion
3. Offered hope & equality – no poll tax
4. Forbade forced conversion – Jews & Christians “People of the Book” pay tax & exempt from military duties

16. Contribution of Islamic Culture
750 Abbasids New Dynasty of Caliphs rule for next 500 years
Preserved & translated into Arabic the Greek Sciences, Philosophy, Persian History & Literature
9th Century created the House of Wisdom – Building on the Greek & Persian developments in Math, Medicine, Geography

17. Islamic Architecture Alhambra,Granada,Spain Dome of Rock-Jerusalem
Iran
Alhambra,Granada,Spain
Dome of Rock-Jerusalem