1. Discussion Questions What defines a computer:
What is the simplest definition of a computer you can come up with?
What defines a modern computer?
What was the first computer?
If you don’t know, make a guess

2. Definition of Computer

3. Definition of a Computer
Information Processor
Input and Output

4. Definition of Modern Computer
Inputs, outputs, processes and stores information
Physical: Keyboard, monitor, etc. – are these necessary components?

5. History of Computers - Long, Long Ago
Abacus BC
beads on rods to count and calculate
still widely used in Asia!

6. History of Computers - Way Back When
Slide Rule
Slide Rule 1630
based on Napier’s rules for logarithms
used until 1970s

7. History of Computers - 19th Century
Joseph Marie Jacquard
First stored program - metal cards
Did no computing
first computer manufacturing
still in use today!
Babbage knew of and intended use…
Jacquard Loom

8. Charles Babbage - 1792-1871 Analytical Engine Difference Engine c.1822
huge calculator, never finished
Analytical Engine 1833
could store numbers
calculating “mill” used punched metal cards for instructions
powered by steam!
accurate to six decimal places
Inspiration for Herman Hollerith for 1890 census

9. Discussion Question
What was the biggest advance that led to modern computers?
Electricity
Transistor
Microchip
Data storage

10. Machine language 8 bit word example, list of instructions:
…. Etc.
What instructions did that give the computer?
Computer language:
Grace Hopper, Cobol
Common language today: Python

11. Vacuum Tubes
First Generation Electronic Computers used Vacuum Tubes
Vacuum tubes are glass tubes with circuits inside.
Vacuum tubes have no air inside of them, which protects the circuitry.
Room size computers, machine language

12. UNIVAC –
first fully electronic digital computer built in the U.S.
Created at the University of Pennsylvania
contained 18,000 vacuum tubes
Cost $487,000
ENIAC that preceded it (late 1940s) weighed 30 tons

13. Grace Hopper (1906-1992) Programmed UNIVAC
Recipient of Computer Science’s first “Man of the Year Award”
First compiler for a computer programming language, led to COBOL
Recall her from PC history video

14. First Computer Bug - 1945 Relay switches part of computers
Grace Hopper found a moth stuck in a relay responsible for a malfunction
Called it “debugging” a computer

15. First Transistor Used Silicon (semiconductor) developed in 1948
won a Nobel prize
on-off switch
2nd Generation Computers used Transistors, starting in 1956
If you watched the video you know about Bill Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain

16. Second Generation –
1956 – Computers began to incorporate Transistors
Replaced vacuum tubes with Transistors
Note introduction of the Integrated Circuit
Jack Kilby (1958 – Texas Instruments) and Robert Noyce (Fairchild Semiconductors) separately invented the IC or integrated circuit at the same time. (Noyce and Gordon Moore -> Intel

17. Integrated Circuits
Third Generation Computers used Integrated Circuits (chips).
Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and capacitors integrated together into a single “chip”
First one made by Texas Instruments in 1958

18. Operating System Software – Instructions for Computer
‘Operating system’ is set of instructions loaded each time a computer is started
‘Program’ is instructions loaded when needed

19. Third Generation – 1964-1971 1964-1971 Integrated Circuit
Operating System
Getting smaller, cheaper
Still only for computer tech people

20. The First Microprocessor – 1971
Intel 4004 Microprocessor
The 4004 had 2,250 transistors
four-bit chunks (four 1’s or 0’s)
108Khz
Called “Microchip”

21. What is a Microchip? Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSIC)
Transistors, resistors, and capacitors
4004 had 2,250 transistors
Pentium IV had 42 MILLION transistors
Each transistor 0.13 microns (10-6 meters)
Modern Pentium or 504 million

22. 4th Generation – began 1971 MICROCHIPS!
Getting smaller and smaller, but we are still using microchip technology

23. Birth of Personal Computers - 1975
MITS Altair
256 byte memory (not Kilobytes or Megabytes)
2 MHz Intel 8080 chips
Just a box with flashing lights
cost $395 kit, $495 assembled.

24. Over the past 50 years, the Electronic Computer has evolved rapidly.
Connections:
Which evolved from the other, which was an entirely new creation
vacuum tube
integrated circuit
transistor
microchip

25. Evolution of Electronics
Microchip (VLSIC)
Integrated Circuit
Transistor
Vacuum Tube

26. Evolution of Electronics
Vacuum Tube – a dinosaur without a modern lineage
What still uses vacuum tubes?
Transistor  Integrated Circuit  Microchip

27. First Mass Market PC

28. IBM PC - 1981 IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint venture
First wide-selling personal computer used in business
8088 Microchip - 29,000 transistors
4.77 Mhz processing speed
256 K RAM (Random Access Memory) standard
One or two floppy disk drives
Open architecture
Unintentionally led to Windows dominance
DOS – typed in inputs

29. Apple Computers Founded 1977 Apple II released 1977 Macintosh (left)
widely used in schools
Macintosh (left)
released in 1984, Motorola Microchip processor
first commercial computer with graphical user interface (GUI) and pointing device (mouse)
Where did GUI originate?

30. Along the way, 80s & 90s Timex Sinclair Texas Instruments TI computer
Radio Shack, TRS 80
Commodore 64 / 128
Commodore Amiga
Along with ‘compatibles’—Compaq, Dell, eMachines, Gateway, etc.

31. Commodore recently
C64 recreation
C64x Extreme
.Amiga

32. 1990s: Pentiums and Power Macs
Early 1990s began penetration of computers into every niche: every desk, most homes, etc.
Faster, less expensive computers paved way for this
Windows 95 was first decent GUI for “PCs”
Macs became more PC compatible - easy file transfers
Apple effort at licensing OS (Power Computing)
Mac conversion to Intel chip
Prices have plummeted
$2000 for entry level to $400-$500
$6000 for top of line to $1000-$1500

33. 21st Century Computing Great increases in speed, storage, and memory
Increased networking, speed in Internet
Broadband growth
Netbooks / iPad / tablets
Smart Phones
Impact of touch technology
4G to 5 G(8-10 Mbps to Mbps)

34. What’s next for computers?
Use your imagination to come up with what the coming years hold for computers.
What can we expect in two years?
What can we expect in twenty years?
Voice interface? Siri? Google? Etc.
Cloud computing growth
True ubiquity?
Interface to almost all activities?
Automation applications
Big data / IoT ###